[萨满教作为医学预防?以印度西北部拉达克地区为例]。

Frank Kressing
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摘要

与印度西北部拉达克跨喜马拉雅地区的一个研究项目有关,本文考察了萨满教的职业和实践在该地区显著增长的迹象。作者试图将这种增加与印度军队大量驻扎所造成的严重心理压力、与印度查谟和克什米尔邦(人口以穆斯林为主)的政治和行政联系以及该地区作为热门旅游目的地的地位联系起来。本文认为,在竞争日益激烈和价值体系恶化的时代,由体现佛教万神殿(lhamo, lhapa)神祗的所谓神谕所进行的萨满仪式,不仅提供了重要的治疗和占卜服务,而且对医疗预防做出了重大贡献。从当地(拉达克,青藏高原)转向全球视角,进一步认为萨满教的预防功能在以前的民族志研究中经常被忽视,并且可能被越来越多的努力(也由土著仪式主义者自己培养)所忽视,以建立和合法化传统仪式实践作为现代卫生保健系统的一部分,最终可能导致传统仪式的医学化-简而言之:“萨满不仅仅是治病”。
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[Shamanism as medical prevention? A case study from Ladakh, Northwest-India].

Relating to a research project in the trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh, Northwest-India, the paper examines indications that the shamanic vocation and practice grew significantly in this region. The author tries to link this increase to severe psychological pressures imposed by the heavy presence of the Indian Army, political and administrative ties to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir (with a predominantly Muslim population), and the region's status as a popular tourist destination. The paper argues that shamanic rituals performed by so-called oracles that embody deities of the Buddhist pantheon in trance (lhamo, lhapa) not only provide important services of healing and divination, they contribute significantly to medical prevention in times of growing competition and the deterioration of value systems. Turning from a local (Ladakh, the Tibetan Plateau) to a global perspective, it is further argued that the preventive function of shamanism has often been overlooked in previous ethnographic research and might be neglected by increasing efforts (also fostered by indigenous ritualists themselves) to establish and legitimize traditional ritual practices as part of modern health care systems which might eventually lead to the medicalization of traditional ceremonies--in short: "shamans do a lot more than just heal people".

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