生物碱与运动员免疫功能:咖啡因、茶碱、姜辣素、麻黄碱及其同系物。

IF 3.5 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Exercise Immunology Review Pub Date : 2014-01-01
David S Senchina, Justus E Hallam, Marian L Kohut, Norah A Nguyen, M Ann d N Perera
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引用次数: 0

摘要

植物生物碱存在于食品、饮料和运动员日常营养、提高表现和改善免疫功能的补品中。本文研究了生物碱在运动环境中可能的免疫调节作用,重点是人体研究。四组有代表性的组被仔细审查:(a)咖啡因(瓜拉宁,马泰因);(b)茶碱及其异构体,可可碱和副黄嘌呤;(c)姜生物碱,包括姜辣素和姜酚;(四)麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱等麻黄生物碱。新兴或潜在的生物碱来源(枸杞、诺丽莓和血根)也被考虑在内。生物碱与人体免疫功能的体外和体内研究常常相互矛盾。咖啡因在体内可能具有免疫调节作用,这取决于受试者的特征、运动特征和测量的免疫参数。咖啡因可能具有抗氧化能力。生姜可能在某些人群中发挥体内抗炎作用,但尚不清楚这些作用是由于生物碱还是其他生物化学物质。生物碱在能量饮料、可可或麻黄制品中的免疫调节作用在体内的证据很弱,甚至不存在。对于来自植物的生物碱来源,所审查的研究中的差异可能是由于存在未被识别的生物碱或非生物碱化合物(它们本身可能具有免疫调节作用),以及农业或生产差异等实验前因素。运动员不应该指望生物碱或富含生物碱的来源作为提高免疫功能的手段,因为它们的活动不一致,安全问题,缺乏商业监管。
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Alkaloids and athlete immune function: caffeine, theophylline, gingerol, ephedrine, and their congeners.

Plant alkaloids are found in foods, beverages, and supplements consumed by athletes for daily nutrition, performance enhancement, and immune function improvement. This paper examined possible immunomodulatory roles of alkaloids in exercise contexts, with a focus on human studies. Four representative groups were scrutinized: (a) caffeine (guaranine, mateine); (b) theophylline and its isomers, theobromine and paraxanthine; (c) ginger alkaloids including gingerols and shogaol; and (d) ephedra alkaloids such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Emerging or prospective alkaloid sources (Goji berry, Noni berry, and bloodroot) were also considered. Human in vitro and in vivo studies on alkaloids and immune function were often conflicting. Caffeine may be immunomodulatory in vivo depending on subject characteristics, exercise characteristics, and immune parameters measured. Caffeine may exhibit antioxidant capacities. Ginger may exert in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in certain populations, but it is unclear whether these effects are due to alkaloids or other biochemicals. Evidence for an immunomodulatory role of alkaloids in energy drinks, cocoa, or ephedra products in vivo is weak to nonexistent. For alkaloid sources derived from plants, variability in the reviewed studies may be due to the presence of unrecognized alkaloids or non-alkaloid compounds (which may themselves be immunomodulatory), and pre-experimental factors such as agricultural or manufacturing differences. Athletes should not look to alkaloids or alkaloid-rich sources as a means of improving immune function given their inconsistent activities, safety concerns, and lack of commercial regulation.

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来源期刊
Exercise Immunology Review
Exercise Immunology Review 医学-免疫学
CiteScore
16.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
7
期刊介绍: Exercise Immunology Review (EIR) serves as the official publication of the International Society of Exercise and Immunology and the German Society of Sports Medicine and Prevention. It is dedicated to advancing knowledge in all areas of immunology relevant to acute exercise and regular physical activity. EIR publishes review articles and papers containing new, original data along with extensive review-like discussions. Recognizing the diverse disciplines contributing to the understanding of immune function, the journal adopts an interdisciplinary approach, facilitating the dissemination of research findings from fields such as exercise sciences, medicine, immunology, physiology, behavioral science, endocrinology, pharmacology, and psychology.
期刊最新文献
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