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Higher risk of upper respiratory tract infection post marathon running: when physical exercise becomes a threat to the immune system. 马拉松比赛后上呼吸道感染的风险更高:当体育锻炼对免疫系统构成威胁时。
IF 3.5 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01
Amanda Veiga Sardeli, Rafaela Bertini de Araujo, Jeffrey A Woods, Janet M Lord, Mara Patrícia Traina Chacon-Mikahil

Background: Several studies have reported that marathon runners have a higher risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) post marathon than non-exercising controls. However, other studies did not find a higher risk of URTI in the same participants before and after a marathon, precluding a conclusive consensus. Besides the between-subjects effects, another important confounding factor in these results is the different pre and post follow-up time to track URTI.

Objectives: Identify by meta-analysis whether a marathon Running increases the risk of URTI, adjusting the follow-up time to track URTI.

Data sources: We searched for articles using MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost, combining the marathon and respiratory infection descriptor synonyms, on 1st December 2022.

Eligibility criteria: The PICOS framework included human population, comparison between pre and post marathon running, of URTI symptoms (assessed from one to 4 weeks), in noncontrolled intervention studies.

Data synthesis: Because follow-up was longer before the marathon in many studies, we adjusted the number of subjects with infections before marathon to the equivalent post-marathon follow-up duration. There was 18% higher incidence of URTI post-marathon (OR 1.18 95%CI [1.05-1.33], p= 0.005) in a very consistent meta-analysis (I2 = 0%, p = 0.69), with no risk of publication bias (Egger test p-value = 0.82) for the 7 studies included. The main issues with quality of the studies were bias in measuring the outcome, bias in classification of intervention (participation in the marathon) and time-varying confounding (corrected for analysis), and therefore the quality of evidence was moderate (GRADE approach = 3).

Limitations: The need for follow-up time adjustment is a limitation, since the number of URTI recorded could be different if the original studies had used the same follow-up time pre and post marathon. The subjectivity of the URTI assessments is another limitation in this field.

Conclusions: There is an increased risk of URTI post marathon running and research on this topic to understand mechanisms might support runners to find efficient interventions to reduce this risk.

Protocol: Protocol registration on in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42022380991.

背景:有几项研究报告称,马拉松运动员在马拉松比赛后患上呼吸道感染(URTI)的风险高于非运动对照组。然而,其他研究并未发现同一参与者在马拉松比赛前后发生上呼吸道感染的风险更高,因此无法达成结论性共识。除了受试者之间的影响外,这些结果的另一个重要干扰因素是跟踪 URTI 的前后随访时间不同:通过荟萃分析确定马拉松长跑是否会增加URTI的风险,同时调整跟踪URTI的随访时间:我们于 2022 年 12 月 1 日使用 MEDLINE (PubMed)、Embase、Scopus、Web of Science、Cochrane Library 和 EBSCOhost 搜索文章,结合马拉松和呼吸道感染描述符同义词:PICOS框架包括非对照干预研究中的人群、马拉松比赛前后URTI症状(评估时间为1至4周)的比较:由于许多研究在马拉松比赛前的随访时间较长,我们将马拉松比赛前感染的受试者人数调整为马拉松比赛后的同等随访时间。在一项非常一致的荟萃分析(I2 = 0%,p = 0.69)中,马拉松后 URTI 的发病率比马拉松前高 18%(OR 1.18 95%CI [1.05-1.33],p= 0.005),纳入的 7 项研究无发表偏倚风险(Egger 检验 p 值 = 0.82)。研究质量的主要问题是测量结果的偏差、干预分类(参加马拉松比赛)的偏差和时变混杂因素(经分析校正),因此证据质量为中等(GRADE方法=3):需要对随访时间进行调整是一个局限,因为如果原始研究在马拉松比赛前后使用相同的随访时间,记录的 URTI 数量可能会不同。URTI评估的主观性是该领域的另一个局限性:结论:马拉松比赛后患尿路感染的风险增加,对这一问题进行研究以了解其机理可能有助于跑步者找到有效的干预措施来降低这一风险:协议已在国际系统综述前瞻性注册中心(PROSPERO)注册:CRD42022380991。
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引用次数: 0
Involvement of neutrophils and macrophages in exhaustive exercise-induced liver, kidney, heart, and lung injuries. 中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞参与疲惫运动引起的肝、肾、心脏和肺损伤。
IF 3.5 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01
Tsubasa Mizokami, Katsuhiko Suzuki

Moderate exercise is effective for maintaining or improving overall health. However, excessive exercise that exhausts the adaptive reserve of the body or its ability to positively respond to training stimuli can induce tissue damage and dysfunction of multiple organs and systems. Tissue injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress are reportedly induced in the skeletal muscles, liver, and kidneys after exercise. However, the precise mechanisms underlying acute tissue injury after intense exercise have not yet been fully elucidated. Studies using various experimental models of acute tissue injury, other than intense exercise, have demonstrated infiltration of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. These cells infiltrate injured tissues and induce inflammatory and oxidative stress responses by producing inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, thereby exacerbating tissue injury. In addition to the activation of blood neutrophils and increase in their levels during and/or after prolonged or intense exercise, chemokines that contribute to leukocyte migration are released, facilitating the migration of neutrophils and monocytes into tissues. Therefore, neutrophils and macrophages, activated by exhaustive exercise, may infiltrate tissues and contribute to exhaustive exercise-induced tissue injury. Recently, the contributions of neutrophils and macrophages to various tissue injuries caused by exhaustive exercise have been reported. In this review, we summarize the involvement of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in exhaustive exercise-induced non-skeletal muscle tissue injury. In addition, we present novel data demonstrating the contribution of neutrophils and macrophages to exhaustive exercise-induced cardiac and pulmonary injuries. Our study findings and the evidence presented in this review suggest that neutrophils and macrophages may play pivotal roles in exhaustive exercise-induced tissue injuries.

适度运动对保持或改善整体健康很有效。然而,过度运动会耗尽机体的适应储备或机体对训练刺激做出积极反应的能力,从而诱发组织损伤以及多个器官和系统的功能障碍。据报道,运动后会诱发骨骼肌、肝脏和肾脏的组织损伤、炎症和氧化应激。然而,激烈运动后急性组织损伤的确切机制尚未完全阐明。除剧烈运动外,利用各种急性组织损伤实验模型进行的研究表明,炎症细胞(包括中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞)会浸润组织。这些细胞渗入受伤组织,通过产生炎症细胞因子和活性氧诱发炎症和氧化应激反应,从而加剧组织损伤。在长时间或剧烈运动期间和/或之后,血液中的中性粒细胞会被激活,其含量也会增加,除此之外,还会释放有助于白细胞迁移的趋化因子,促进中性粒细胞和单核细胞向组织内迁移。因此,中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞被剧烈运动激活后,可能会渗入组织,造成剧烈运动引起的组织损伤。最近,关于中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞对劳累运动引起的各种组织损伤的贡献的报道不绝于耳。在这篇综述中,我们总结了中性粒细胞和单核细胞/巨噬细胞参与疲惫运动诱导的非骨骼肌组织损伤的情况。此外,我们还提供了新的数据,证明中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞对耗竭性运动诱发的心肺损伤有贡献。我们的研究结果和本综述中提供的证据表明,中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞可能在耗竭性运动诱发的组织损伤中发挥关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Elite Athletes. 精英运动员对接种 COVID-19 疫苗的免疫反应。
IF 3.5 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01
Lea Halmans, Andreas Venhorst, Verena Klemis, Tina Schmidt, Franziska Greiß, Urban Sester, Barabara C Gärtner, Martina Sester, Tim Meyer

Purpose: This study analyses the immune response of elite athletes after COVID-19 vaccination with double-dose mRNA and a single-dose vector vaccine.

Methods: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers, neutralizing activity, CD4 and CD8 T-cells were examined in blood samples from 72 athletes before and after vaccination against COVID-19 (56 mRNA (BNT162b2 / mRNA-1273), 16 vector (Ad26.COV.2) vaccines). Side effects and training time loss was also recorded.

Results: Induction of IgG antibodies (mRNA : 5702 BAU/ml ; 4343 BAU/ml (hereafter: median), vector: 61 BAU/ml ; 52 BAU/ml, p<0.01), their neutralizing activity (99.7% ; 10.6%, p<0.01), and SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4 T-cells (0.13% ; 0.05% ; p<0.01) after mRNA double-dose vaccines was significantly more pronounced than after a single-dose vector vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD8 T-cell levels after a vector vaccine (0.15%) were significantly higher than after mRNA vaccines (0.02%; p<0.01). When athletes who had initially received the vector vaccine were boostered with an mRNA vaccine, IgG antibodies (to 3456 BAU/ml; p<0.01), neutralizing activity (to 100%; p<0.01), CD4 (to 0.13%; p<0.01) and CD8 T-cells (to 0.43%; p<0.01) significantly increased. When compared with dual-dose mRNA regimen, IgG antibody response was lower (p<0.01), the neutralizing activity (p<0.01) and CD8 T-cell (p<0.01) response higher and no significant difference in CD4 T-cell response (p=0.54) between the two regimens. Cumulative training loss (3 days) did not significantly differ between vaccination regimens (p=0.46).

Conclusion: mRNA and vector vaccines against SARSCoV-2 appear to induce different patterns of immune response in athletes. Lower immune induction after a single-shot vector vaccine was clearly optimized by a heterologous booster. Vaccine reactions were mild and short-lived.

目的:本研究分析了精英运动员接种COVID-19双剂量mRNA疫苗和单剂量载体疫苗后的免疫反应:方法:对 72 名运动员接种 COVID-19 疫苗(56 支 mRNA(BNT162b2 / mRNA-1273)、16 支载体疫苗(Ad26.COV.2))前后的血液样本中的免疫球蛋白 G (IgG) 抗体滴度、中和活性、CD4 和 CD8 T 细胞进行检测。同时还记录了副作用和训练时间损失:结果:诱导的 IgG 抗体(mRNA:5702 BAU/ml ;4343 BAU/ml(以下简称:中位数),载体:61 BAU/ml ;52 BAU/ml,p 结论:针对 SARSCoV-2 的 mRNA 和载体疫苗似乎能诱导运动员产生不同模式的免疫反应。单针载体疫苗的免疫诱导率较低,而异源强化剂则能明显优化免疫诱导率。疫苗反应轻微且持续时间短。
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引用次数: 0
Unleashing anti-tumour immunity: dietary restriction and exercise interventions adjunct to chemotherapy for cancer patients. 释放抗肿瘤免疫力:癌症患者化疗期间的饮食限制和运动干预。
IF 3.5 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01
Cristina Crespo-Garcia, John P Campbell, Dennis R Taaffe, Carolyn J Peddle-McIntyre, Emily Jeffery, Daniel A Galvao, Andrew D Redfern, Robert U Newton

Conventional chemotherapies can stimulate the immune system by increasing tumour antigenicity (e.g., neoantigen exposure to immune cells) and altering adjuvanticity in the tumour (e.g., danger associated molecular patterns and cytokines). These molecules promote the recruitment, activation, and maturation of dendritic cells, which in turn, prime and activate cytotoxic T cells against tumour cells. However, several factors can decrease the immunostimulatory efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. These include reduced tumour cell antigenicity and adjuvanticity and compromised immune function at a local and systemic level. Findings from preclinical studies show that dietary restriction and exercise promote systemic changes that may help to restore immune system function through several mechanisms, including an enhanced infiltration and function of antitumoral immune cells and a decrease in immunosuppressive cells, leading to a reduction in tumour volume. In addition, dietary restriction and exercise training in mice have been shown to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy. In human studies there is also emerging evidence that dietary restriction and exercise can impact the immune system towards a more antitumoral profile. In this review, we discuss the immunostimulatory effects of dietary restriction (caloric restriction and fasting) and exercise training in preclinical cancer models, and potential synergies with chemotherapy. We then review clinical studies assessing the effects of these interventions on immune-related endpoints and tumour responses. Finally, we propose that combining dietary restriction with exercise could be a promising strategy to increase chemotherapy efficacy.

传统化疗可通过增加肿瘤抗原性(如新抗原暴露于免疫细胞)和改变肿瘤的佐剂性(如危险相关分子模式和细胞因子)来刺激免疫系统。这些分子可促进树突状细胞的招募、活化和成熟,进而激发和激活细胞毒性 T 细胞对抗肿瘤细胞。然而,有几个因素会降低化疗药物的免疫刺激功效。这些因素包括肿瘤细胞抗原性和佐剂性降低,以及局部和全身免疫功能受损。临床前研究结果表明,饮食限制和运动可促进全身性变化,有助于通过多种机制恢复免疫系统功能,包括增强抗肿瘤免疫细胞的浸润和功能,减少免疫抑制细胞,从而缩小肿瘤体积。此外,对小鼠进行饮食限制和运动训练已被证明能提高化疗的疗效。在人体研究中,也有新的证据表明,饮食限制和运动可以影响免疫系统,使其更加抗肿瘤。在本综述中,我们将讨论临床前癌症模型中饮食限制(热量限制和禁食)和运动训练的免疫刺激作用,以及与化疗的潜在协同作用。然后,我们回顾了评估这些干预措施对免疫相关终点和肿瘤反应影响的临床研究。最后,我们提出,将饮食限制与运动相结合可能是提高化疗疗效的一种有前途的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the impact of exercise on T and NK cells in skin cancer: a systematic review. 研究运动对皮肤癌中 T 细胞和 NK 细胞的影响:系统综述。
IF 3.5 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-01
Heidi F Bochenek, David B Pyne, Andrew J McKune, Rachel E Neale, Rachael M Anforth, Chloé D Goldsmith

Skin cancer has the highest incidence of all cancers, and their incidence are increasing in both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Alternative adjuvant treatment strategies appropriate for their management are needed. Modifiable lifestyle factors influence disease outcomes, either improving or worsening outcomes. Exercise is an example of a modifiable lifestyle factor, and can be prescribed as an adjuvant therapy in other cancer types to improve immune function and overall clinical outcomes. The initial aim of the review was to investigate the T-cell specific mechanisms of exercise which affect clinical/disease outcomes in skin cancer. Study quality was assessed by a modified Covidence quality assessment template with animal-model study specific criteria. A total of 10 articles were included; all articles were murine model studies investigating melanoma. Eight studies (n=8) employed a randomised controlled trial design, with two bio-informatics studies, and one study using human data which could solidify a link to human health. While the review focussed initially on T-cells, many studies reported significant changes in NK cells, and as they share the same haematopoietic lineage/ common lymphoid progenitor as T cells, the data was included in the analyses. Most studies indicated that exercise reduced melanoma tumour burden. Exercising prior to melanoma inoculation was most effective for delaying carcinogenesis and reducing tumour burden. Synergism was a topic identified in studies; PD-1/PD-L1 treatment, and exercise were not synergistic. Conversely, exercise and mental stimulation were synergistic, and the temperature at which exercise was conducted significantly reduced tumour burden. Several murine studies reported that exercise improved clinical outcomes in melanoma, and that long-term exercise was more effective in reducing tumour burden. Further studies are required to investigate this relationship in humans, and in other types of skin cancer.

在所有癌症中,皮肤癌的发病率最高,而且黑色素瘤和非黑色素瘤皮肤癌的发病率都在上升。需要有适合其治疗的替代辅助治疗策略。可改变的生活方式因素会影响疾病的预后,改善或恶化预后。运动就是一种可改变的生活方式因素,可作为其他癌症类型的辅助疗法来改善免疫功能和整体临床疗效。综述的最初目的是研究运动影响皮肤癌临床/疾病预后的T细胞特异性机制。研究质量采用修改后的 Covidence 质量评估模板和动物模型研究特定标准进行评估。共纳入 10 篇文章;所有文章均为调查黑色素瘤的小鼠模型研究。八项研究(n=8)采用了随机对照试验设计,其中两项为生物信息学研究,一项研究使用了人类数据,可以巩固与人类健康的联系。虽然审查最初侧重于 T 细胞,但许多研究都报告了 NK 细胞的显著变化,由于 NK 细胞与 T 细胞具有相同的造血系/共同淋巴祖细胞,因此这些数据也被纳入分析中。大多数研究表明,运动可减少黑色素瘤肿瘤负荷。在黑色素瘤接种前进行锻炼对延缓癌变和减少肿瘤负荷最有效。协同作用是研究中发现的一个主题;PD-1/PD-L1 治疗和运动没有协同作用。相反,运动和精神刺激具有协同作用,运动的温度可显著减少肿瘤负荷。一些小鼠研究报告称,运动能改善黑色素瘤的临床预后,长期运动能更有效地减少肿瘤负荷。还需要对人类和其他类型的皮肤癌进行进一步的研究,以探讨这种关系。
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引用次数: 0
A Scoping Review on the Effects of Physical Exercise and Fitness on Peripheral Leukocyte Energy Metabolism in Humans. 体育锻炼和健身对人外周血白细胞能量代谢影响的综述。
IF 7.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01
Charles F Hodgman, Rebekah M Hunt, Justin C Crane, Mahmoud T Elzayat, Emily C LaVoy

Background: Both acute and chronic exercise have profound effects on systemic metabolism and the immune system. While acute exercise transiently disturbs energy homeostasis and elicits acute inflammation, exercise training improves systemic metabolic capacity, lowers basal inflammation, and reduces infection risk. Accordingly, accumulating evidence indicates links between systemic and immune cell metabolism and suggests that cellular metabolism may be an important way exercise influences immune function. Yet, no reviews have systematically surveyed the literature in this area.

Aims: The aims of this scoping review were to collect, summarize, and provide descriptive analysis of literature on the effects of acute exercise, chronic exercise, and physical fitness on peripheral leukocyte energy metabolism of human adults.

Methods: Reports were retrieved from the databases Pubmed, Scopus, and Embase and hierarchically filtered for eligibility. Eligible reports were those that implemented acute or chronic exercise interventions, or assessed physical fitness, in relation to the regulation or function of leukocyte energy metabolism in human adults. Data were charted from eligible reports by two independent reviewers, confirmed by conference, and organized for reporting.

Results & conclusion: Results suggest acute exercise can influence the regulation and function of leukocyte metabolism, with some similarities to what has been previously documented in skeletal muscle. Data also evidence that exercise training and/ or physical fitness alters cellular metabolic regulation and function. Improvements in markers of cell respiratory function or mitochondrial regulation were frequently observed following training or with greater fitness. However, notable gaps in the literature remain. These gaps include: the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on leukocyte glycolysis, the effects of resistance and concurrent exercise, and potential differences in the effects of exercise between immune cell types and subsets. Future research is encouraged to fill the latter gaps and further delineate how exercise influences the immune system and can be used to support overall health.

背景:急性和慢性运动对全身代谢和免疫系统都有深远的影响。虽然急性运动短暂地扰乱能量稳态并引起急性炎症,但运动训练可以提高全身代谢能力,降低基础炎症,降低感染风险。因此,越来越多的证据表明全身和免疫细胞代谢之间存在联系,并表明细胞代谢可能是运动影响免疫功能的重要方式。然而,还没有一篇综述系统地调查了这一领域的文献。目的:本综述的目的是收集、总结和提供描述性分析关于急性运动、慢性运动和身体健康对成人外周血白细胞能量代谢的影响的文献。方法:从Pubmed、Scopus和Embase数据库中检索报告,并对合格性进行分层筛选。合格的报告是那些实施急性或慢性运动干预,或评估身体健康,与人类成人白细胞能量代谢的调节或功能有关的报告。数据由两名独立审稿人从符合条件的报告中绘制图表,经会议确认,并组织报告。结果与结论:结果表明,急性运动可以影响白细胞代谢的调节和功能,这与先前在骨骼肌中的研究有一些相似之处。数据还表明,运动训练和/或身体健康会改变细胞代谢调节和功能。细胞呼吸功能或线粒体调节标志物的改善在训练后或更强的适应性下经常被观察到。然而,文献中仍然存在显著的空白。这些空白包括:急性运动和运动训练对白细胞糖酵解的影响,阻力和同步运动的影响,以及运动对免疫细胞类型和亚群的影响的潜在差异。鼓励未来的研究来填补后一个空白,并进一步描绘运动如何影响免疫系统,并可用于支持整体健康。
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引用次数: 0
The anti-inflammatory and bioregulatory effects of habitual exercise in high-fat diet-induced obesity involve crown-like structures and MCP-1 in white adipose tissue. 习惯性运动对高脂肪饮食引起的肥胖的抗炎和生物调节作用涉及白色脂肪组织中的冠状结构和MCP-1。
IF 7.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01
Isabel Gálvez, María Dolores Hinchado, Leticia Martín-Cordero, Francisco Javier Morán-Plata, Gerry Graham, Javier Francisco-Morcillo, Eduardo Ortega

Macrophage accumulation in the adipose tissue and changes in their inflammatory phenotype is a hallmark of obesity-induced inflammation, notably forming inflammatory structures known as "crown-like structures (CLS)". Exercise can be a key strategy to improve inflammation-related complications, but it is crucial to consider that, although exercise generally exerts systemic and local anti-inflammatory effects, this depends on the basal inflammatory status and exercise modality. In this context, the "bioregulatory effect of exercise" implies to achieve the reduction or prevention of an excessive inflammatory response and also the preservation or stimulation of the innate response. In the present work, our aim was to evaluate the effect of regular exercise on adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice, as reflected by macrophage infiltration and phenotype, and CLS formation, together with a potential role for the chemokine MCP-1 in this process. Results showed that obesity is associated with greater MCP-1 expression (p<0.05), macrophage accumulation (p<0.05), and CLS presence (p<0.001). Regular exercise reduced macrophage accumulation (p<0.05), MCP-1 expression (p<0.01), and CLS presence (p<0.05) in obese mice; while it increased macrophage and CLS presence (p<0.01), MCP-1 expression (p<0.05), and M2 polarization (p<0.05) in lean mice. MCP-1 was associated with the proliferation of CLS, showing the first image demonstrating a potential role of this chemokine in the development of these structures. Altogether, these results confirm, for the first time, the "bioregulatory effect of exercise" in the adipose tissue: reducing inflammation in individuals with an elevated inflammatory setpoint, but stimulating this response of the immune system in healthy individuals.

巨噬细胞在脂肪组织中的积累及其炎症表型的改变是肥胖诱导炎症的一个标志,特别是形成被称为“冠状结构(CLS)”的炎症结构。运动可能是改善炎症相关并发症的关键策略,但重要的是要考虑到,尽管运动通常具有全身和局部抗炎作用,但这取决于基础炎症状态和运动方式。在这种情况下,“运动的生物调节作用”意味着减少或预防过度的炎症反应,也意味着保存或刺激先天反应。在目前的工作中,我们的目的是评估定期运动对高脂肪饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪组织炎症的影响,通过巨噬细胞浸润和表型以及CLS形成来反映,以及趋化因子MCP-1在这一过程中的潜在作用。结果显示,肥胖与MCP-1表达升高相关(p
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引用次数: 0
Exercise-induced effects on inflammatory markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A systematic review with meta-analysis. 运动对膝关节骨性关节炎患者炎症标志物和脑源性神经营养因子的影响。荟萃分析的系统综述。
IF 7.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01
Sofie Puts, Keliane Liberman, Laurence Leysen, Louis Forti, Eveline Muyldermans, Peter Vaes, Jo Nijs, David Beckwée, Ivan Bautmans

Background: In the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), inflammatory mediators play an important role. However, the precise underlying mechanism by which regular exercise therapy (ET) exert effects on the immune system in KOA patients is unknown.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the basal and acute effects of ET on inflammatory biomarkers and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in KOA patients.

Methods: PubMed, Web Of Science and PEDro were systematically searched for appropriate studies. If possible, a meta-analysis was performed or an approximation of the effect size (ES) was calculated. Risk of bias was scored using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 or ROBINS-tools.

Results: Twenty-one studies involving 1374 participants were included. Fifteen articles focused on basal exercise effects, four on acute effects, and two on both. Biomarker analysis (n=18) was performed in synovial fluid (n=4) or serum/plasma (n=17). A meta-analysis demonstrated that basal CRP was reduced in KOA patients 6-18 weeks weeks after ET (MD: -0.17;95%CI[-0.31;-0.03]), while IL-6 (MD: 0.21;95%CI[-0.44;0.85]), and TNF-α (MD: -0.57;95%CI[-1.47;0.32]), levels did not significantly change. Also, sTNFR1/2 did not change significantly after ET. For other biomarkers, insufficient data were available to perform a meta-analysis. Nevertheless, a low degree of evidence was found for a decrease in IL-6 (ES:-0.596 & -0.259 & -0.513), an increase in sTNFR1 (ES:2.325), a decrease in sTNFR2 (ES:-0.997) and an increase in BDNF (ES:1.412). Locally, intra-articular IL-10 (ES:9.163) increased, and IL1β (ES:-6.199) and TNF-α decreased (ES:-2.322) after ET. An acute exercise session elicited a myokine response (ES IL-6:0.314), and an increase in BDNF (no ES-data). No inflammatory effect (ES CRP:0.052; ES TNF-α:-0.019 & 0.081) following an acute bout of training was found. However, a single bout of exercise elicited a decrease in intra-articular IL-10 (no ES-data).

Conclusion: ET can induce circulatory and intra-articular anti-inflammatory effects in patients with KOA. The antiinflammatory properties have important implications for informing these patients and clinicians about the underlying effects of ET.

背景:在膝关节骨关节炎(KOA)的发病过程中,炎症介质起着重要作用。然而,常规运动疗法(ET)对KOA患者免疫系统影响的确切潜在机制尚不清楚。目的:本系统综述的目的是研究ET对KOA患者炎症生物标志物和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的基础和急性影响。方法:系统检索PubMed、Web Of Science和PEDro,寻找合适的研究。如果可能,进行荟萃分析或计算效应大小(ES)的近似值。偏倚风险评分采用Cochrane rob2.0或robins工具。结果:纳入21项研究,共1374名受试者。15篇文章关注基础运动效果,4篇关注急性效果,2篇关注两者。在滑液(n=4)或血清/血浆(n=17)中进行生物标志物分析(n=18)。一项荟萃分析显示,在ET后6-18周,KOA患者的基础CRP降低(MD: -0.17;95%CI[-0.31;-0.03]),而IL-6 (MD: 0.21;95%CI[-0.44;0.85])和TNF-α (MD: -0.57;95%CI[-1.47;0.32])水平无显著变化。此外,sTNFR1/2在ET后没有显著变化。对于其他生物标志物,没有足够的数据来进行荟萃分析。然而,IL-6降低(ES:-0.596 & -0.259 & -0.513), sTNFR1升高(ES:2.325), sTNFR2降低(ES:-0.997), BDNF升高(ES:1.412)的证据程度较低。局部,ET后关节内IL-10 (ES:9.163)升高,il -1 β (ES:-6.199)和TNF-α降低(ES:-2.322)。急性运动引起肌因子反应(ES - il:0.314), BDNF增加(无ES-数据)。无炎症作用(ES CRP:0.052;急性训练后ES TNF-α:-0.019 & 0.081)。然而,单次运动引起关节内IL-10的降低(无es数据)。结论:ET可诱导KOA患者的循环和关节内抗炎作用。抗炎特性对告知这些患者和临床医生ET的潜在作用具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Combined exercise intervention in a mouse model of high-risk neuroblastoma: effects on physical, immune, tumor and clinical outcomes. 联合运动干预高风险神经母细胞瘤小鼠模型:对身体、免疫、肿瘤和临床结果的影响
IF 7.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01
Cecilia Rincón-Castanedo, Asunción Martín-Ruiz, Sandra Zazo, Ana L Luis Huertas, Pedro L Valenzuela, María Morán, Steven J Fleck, Alejandro Santos-Lozano, Manuek Ramírez, Federico Rojo, Alejandro Lucia, África González-Murillo, Carmen Fiuza-Luces

Background: Exercise might exert anti-tumoral effects in adult cancers but this question remains open in pediatric tumors, which frequently show a different biology compared to adult malignancies. We studied the effects of an exercise intervention on physical function, immune variables and tumoral response in a preclinical model of a highly aggressive pediatric cancer, high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB).

Methods: 6-8-week-old male mice with orthotopically-induced HR-NB were assigned to a control (N = 13) or exercise (5-week combined [aerobic+resistance]) group (N = 17). Outcomes included physical function (cardiorespiratory fitness [CRF] and muscle strength), as well as related muscle molecular indicators, blood and tumor immune cell and molecular variables, tumor progression, clinical severity, and survival.

Results: Exercise attenuated CRF decline (p=0.029 for the group-by-time interaction effect), which was accompanied by higher muscle levels of oxidative capacity (citrate synthase and respiratory chain complexes III, IV and V) and an indicator of antioxidant defense (glutathione reductase) in the intervention arm (all p≤0.001), as well as by higher levels of apoptosis (caspase-3, p=0.029) and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, p=0.012). The proportion of 'hot-like' (i.e., with viable immune infiltrates in flow cytometry analyses) tumors tended to be higher (p=0.0789) in the exercise group (76.9%, vs. 33.3% in control mice). Exercise also promoted greater total immune (p=0.045) and myeloid cell (p=0.049) infiltration within the 'hot' tumors, with a higher proportion of two myeloid cell subsets (CD11C+ [dendritic] cells [p=0.049] and M2-like tumor-associated macrophages [p=0.028]), yet with no significant changes in lymphoid infiltrates or in cirulating immune cells or chemokines/cytokines. No training effect was found either for muscle strength or anabolic status, cancer progression (tumor weight and metastasis, tumor microenvironment), clinical severity, or survival.

Conclusions: Combined exercise appears as an effective strategy for attenuating physical function decline in a mouse model of HR-NB, also exerting some potential immune benefits within the tumor, which seem overall different from those previously reported in adult cancers.

背景:运动可能在成人癌症中发挥抗肿瘤作用,但这个问题在儿童肿瘤中仍然存在,与成人恶性肿瘤相比,儿童肿瘤经常表现出不同的生物学特性。我们研究了运动干预对高侵袭性儿童癌症高危神经母细胞瘤(HR-NB)的身体功能、免疫变量和肿瘤反应的影响。方法:将6-8周龄原位诱导HR-NB雄性小鼠分为对照组(N = 13)和运动组(5周[有氧+阻力]联合组)(N = 17)。结果包括身体功能(心肺功能[CRF]和肌肉力量),以及相关的肌肉分子指标,血液和肿瘤免疫细胞和分子变量,肿瘤进展,临床严重程度和生存。结果:运动减轻了CRF的下降(按时间分组的相互作用效应p=0.029),同时干预组肌肉的氧化能力(柠檬酸合成酶和呼吸链复合物III、IV和V)和抗氧化防御指标(谷胱甘肽还原酶)水平升高(均p≤0.001),以及细胞凋亡(caspase-3, p=0.029)和血管生成(血管内皮生长因子受体-2,p=0.012)水平升高。运动组“热样”(即流式细胞术分析中存在存活的免疫浸润)肿瘤的比例往往更高(p=0.0789)(76.9%,对照小鼠为33.3%)。运动还促进了“热”肿瘤内更大的总免疫细胞(p=0.045)和髓细胞(p=0.049)浸润,两种髓细胞亚群(CD11C+[树突状]细胞[p=0.049]和m2样肿瘤相关巨噬细胞[p=0.028])的比例更高,但淋巴细胞浸润或循环免疫细胞或趋化因子/细胞因子没有显著变化。没有发现训练对肌肉力量或合成代谢状态、癌症进展(肿瘤重量和转移、肿瘤微环境)、临床严重程度或生存有影响。结论:在HR-NB小鼠模型中,联合运动似乎是一种有效的减轻身体功能下降的策略,也在肿瘤中发挥了一些潜在的免疫益处,这似乎与先前在成人癌症中报道的总体不同。
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引用次数: 0
Respiratory viral infections - impact on sport and exercise medicine. 呼吸道病毒感染-对运动和运动医学的影响。
IF 7.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01
Raakel Luoto, Matti Waris, Maarit Valtonen, Olli Ruuskanen

Respiratory viruses are the most frequent causative agents of disease in humans and thus also in elite athletes. The COVID-19 pandemic has recently emphasized the entire spectrum of respiratory tract infections worldwide. Understanding the basic elements of respiratory viral infections is a fundamental requirement from the perspective of etiological diagnostics, treatment, and prevention strategy planning, as well as resource allocation.

呼吸道病毒是人类和优秀运动员最常见的致病因子。最近,COVID-19大流行强调了全世界呼吸道感染的整个范围。从病因诊断、治疗和预防策略规划以及资源分配的角度来看,了解呼吸道病毒感染的基本要素是一项基本要求。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Exercise Immunology Review
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