[Systems and human resource development for occupational health in India: Effective occupational health management for Japanese enterprises with overseas branches].

Objectives: This study aimed to collect and assess information about occupational health in India, for Japanese enterprises.

Methods: We conducted a preliminary survey through literature reviews and internet search engines. We then conducted interview-based surveys at a central government agency, an international organization, the Japanese embassy, educational and research institutions, and Japanese enterprises in India. This information was categorized into: (1) organizations, legal and inspection systems in occupational health, (2) occupational health management and specialists in workplaces, (3) occupational health-related activities in workplaces resulting from legal obligations, and (4) healthcare and workers' compensation systems.

Results: The Indian Ministry of Labour and Employment is primarily responsible for occupational safety and health. There are four main acts of legislation covering occupational safety and health in the factories, ports, mines, and construction sites. The Factories Act, 1948, mandates the establishment of an occupational health center and a safety committee in the factories; the appointment of factory medical officers and safety officers. These medical officers must possess an Indian medical degree, and undertake a three months' course to obtain an Associate Fellow of Industrial Health certificate. The rules and regulations under this act differ in each Indian state. Low-wage workers are registered with a medical insurance scheme. Most workers are covered by workers' compensation schemes, although the number of reported occupational injuries are low.

Conclusions: Japanese enterprises should consider the local conditions of occupational health in India because of the different legalities and occupational health status in each state. Regardless of the Factories Act, 1948, stipulating a variety of occupational health-related activities, inadequate legal compliance is suspected to be common because of the ineffective labor inspection requirements and a shortage of specialists on human resources. The study also revealed a deficient social security system. Therefore, the internal educational support for specialists, external support from the company headquarters in Japan, and the local institutions in India; and the systemic support for effective occupational health-related activities are required for improving the status of occupational health in the factories in India.