Recent advances in small-angle electron diffraction and Lorentz microscopy

We describe small-angle electron diffraction (SmAED) and Lorentz microscopy using a conventional transmission electron microscope. In SmAED, electron diffraction patterns with a wide-angular range on the order of 1 × 10 ⁻² rad to 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ rad can be obtained. It is demonstrated that magnetic information of nanoscale magnetic microstructures can be obtained by Fresnel imaging, Foucault imaging and SmAED. In particular, we report magnetic microstructures associated with magnetic stripes and magnetic skyrmions revealed by Lorentz microscopy with SmAED. SmAED can be applied to the analysis of microstructures in functional materials such as dielectric, ferromagnetic and multiferroic materials.