Lokesh Goel;Anamul H Mir;N Naveen Kumar;Parlapalli V Satyam;Jonathan A Hinks;Stephen E Donelly;Raghvendra Tewari
The stability of β-precipitates in the Zr–1Nb alloy has been studied under Ne ion irradiation of energy 250 keV by insitu transmission electron microscope as a function of irradiation dose. The irradiation was carried out up to ∼136 dpa at 573 K. Microstructural investigations have shown that up to ∼38 dpa, precipitates showed an increase in size, and for irradiation doses >38 dpa, the size of the precipitates was noticed to reduce. Post-irradiation energy-dispersive spectrometry of the specimens revealed the Nb concentration throughout the matrix to be ∼0.8–1.5%. Three-dimensional atom probe tomography was also carried out for irradiated specimens to look for the presence of any nanoclusters. However, Nb clustering was not observed in the specimens. It is proposed that the dissolution of the precipitates may be facilitated by an increase in the solubility limit of Nb in Zr caused by irradiation. The solubility limit may increase by the introduction of defects generated by irradiation and by the destabilization of the β-phase. This may result in back-diffusion of Nb atoms to the matrix by radiation-enhanced diffusion to lower the strain produced by the defects, resulting in the dissolution of the precipitates.
{"title":"Study on the dissolution of β-precipitates in the Zr–1Nb alloy under the influence of Ne ion irradiation","authors":"Lokesh Goel;Anamul H Mir;N Naveen Kumar;Parlapalli V Satyam;Jonathan A Hinks;Stephen E Donelly;Raghvendra Tewari","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab017","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of β-precipitates in the Zr–1Nb alloy has been studied under Ne ion irradiation of energy 250 keV by insitu transmission electron microscope as a function of irradiation dose. The irradiation was carried out up to ∼136 dpa at 573 K. Microstructural investigations have shown that up to ∼38 dpa, precipitates showed an increase in size, and for irradiation doses >38 dpa, the size of the precipitates was noticed to reduce. Post-irradiation energy-dispersive spectrometry of the specimens revealed the Nb concentration throughout the matrix to be ∼0.8–1.5%. Three-dimensional atom probe tomography was also carried out for irradiated specimens to look for the presence of any nanoclusters. However, Nb clustering was not observed in the specimens. It is proposed that the dissolution of the precipitates may be facilitated by an increase in the solubility limit of Nb in Zr caused by irradiation. The solubility limit may increase by the introduction of defects generated by irradiation and by the destabilization of the β-phase. This may result in back-diffusion of Nb atoms to the matrix by radiation-enhanced diffusion to lower the strain produced by the defects, resulting in the dissolution of the precipitates.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 5","pages":"461-468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38960232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Operando observation using spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy (spin SEM) has been demonstrated by detecting changes in the magnetization in the writing head of a hard disk drive (HDD) during operation. A current-applying system developed for use in the sample stage of a spin SEM enables imaging of the magnetization changes in the writing head of an HDD while the writing head is activated. Focused ion beam (FIB) technology is used to fabricate electric contacts between the head terminals and the sample holder electrodes. Tungsten film is deposited by FIB technology on the insulator around the writing head to prevent electrostatic charge buildup in the insulators during SEM measurement. This system is well suited for studying the characteristics of writing heads in HDDs in an activated state.
{"title":"Operando observation of magnetism in HDD writing heads by spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy","authors":"Teruo Kohashi;Kumi Motai;Hideo Matsuyama;Yohji Maruyama","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab011","url":null,"abstract":"Operando observation using spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy (spin SEM) has been demonstrated by detecting changes in the magnetization in the writing head of a hard disk drive (HDD) during operation. A current-applying system developed for use in the sample stage of a spin SEM enables imaging of the magnetization changes in the writing head of an HDD while the writing head is activated. Focused ion beam (FIB) technology is used to fabricate electric contacts between the head terminals and the sample holder electrodes. Tungsten film is deposited by FIB technology on the insulator around the writing head to prevent electrostatic charge buildup in the insulators during SEM measurement. This system is well suited for studying the characteristics of writing heads in HDDs in an activated state.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 5","pages":"436-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25449581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An image identification method was developed with the aid of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) and applied to the analysis of inorganic particles using electron holography. Despite significant variation in the shapes of α-Fe 2 O 3 particles that were observed by transmission electron microscopy, this CNN-based method could be used to identify isolated, spindle-shaped particles that were distinct from other particles that had undergone pairing and/or agglomeration. The averaging of images of these isolated particles provided a significant improvement in the phase analysis precision of the electron holography observations. This method is expected to be helpful in the analysis of weak electromagnetic fields generated by nanoparticles showing only small phase shifts.
{"title":"Deep convolutional neural network image processing method providing improved signal-to-noise ratios in electron holography","authors":"Yusuke Asari;Shohei Terada;Toshiaki Tanigaki;Yoshio Takahashi;Hiroyuki Shinada;Hiroshi Nakajima;Kiyoshi Kanie;Yasukazu Murakami","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab012","url":null,"abstract":"An image identification method was developed with the aid of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) and applied to the analysis of inorganic particles using electron holography. Despite significant variation in the shapes of α-Fe\u0000<inf>2</inf>\u0000O\u0000<inf>3</inf>\u0000 particles that were observed by transmission electron microscopy, this CNN-based method could be used to identify isolated, spindle-shaped particles that were distinct from other particles that had undergone pairing and/or agglomeration. The averaging of images of these isolated particles provided a significant improvement in the phase analysis precision of the electron holography observations. This method is expected to be helpful in the analysis of weak electromagnetic fields generated by nanoparticles showing only small phase shifts.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 5","pages":"442-449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfab012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25488456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The spatiotemporal organization of chromatin is regulated at different levels in the nucleus. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications are involved in chromatin regulation and play fundamental roles in genome function. While the one-dimensional epigenomic landscape in many cell types has been revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing, the dynamic changes of chromatin modifications and their relevance to chromatin organization and genome function remain elusive. Live-cell probes to visualize chromatin and its modifications have become powerful tools to monitor dynamic chromatin regulation. Bulk chromatin can be visualized by both small fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins, and specific endogenous genomic loci have been detected by adapting genome-editing tools. To track chromatin modifications in living cells, various types of probes have been developed. Protein domains that bind weakly to specific modifications, such as chromodomains for histone methylation, can be repeated to create a tighter binding probe that can then be tagged with a fluorescent protein. It has also been demonstrated that antigen-binding fragments and single-chain variable fragments from modification-specific antibodies can serve as binding probes without disturbing cell division, development and differentiation. These modification-binding modules are used in modification sensors based on fluorescence/Förster resonance energy transfer to measure the intramolecular conformational changes triggered by modifications. Other probes can be created using a bivalent binding system, such as fluorescence complementation or luciferase chemiluminescence. Live-cell chromatin modification imaging using these probes will address dynamic chromatin regulation and will be useful for assaying and screening effective epigenome drugs in cells and organisms.
{"title":"Live-cell imaging probes to track chromatin modification dynamics","authors":"Yuko Sato;Masaru Nakao;Hiroshi Kimura","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab030","url":null,"abstract":"The spatiotemporal organization of chromatin is regulated at different levels in the nucleus. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications are involved in chromatin regulation and play fundamental roles in genome function. While the one-dimensional epigenomic landscape in many cell types has been revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing, the dynamic changes of chromatin modifications and their relevance to chromatin organization and genome function remain elusive. Live-cell probes to visualize chromatin and its modifications have become powerful tools to monitor dynamic chromatin regulation. Bulk chromatin can be visualized by both small fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins, and specific endogenous genomic loci have been detected by adapting genome-editing tools. To track chromatin modifications in living cells, various types of probes have been developed. Protein domains that bind weakly to specific modifications, such as chromodomains for histone methylation, can be repeated to create a tighter binding probe that can then be tagged with a fluorescent protein. It has also been demonstrated that antigen-binding fragments and single-chain variable fragments from modification-specific antibodies can serve as binding probes without disturbing cell division, development and differentiation. These modification-binding modules are used in modification sensors based on fluorescence/Förster resonance energy transfer to measure the intramolecular conformational changes triggered by modifications. Other probes can be created using a bivalent binding system, such as fluorescence complementation or luciferase chemiluminescence. Live-cell chromatin modification imaging using these probes will address dynamic chromatin regulation and will be useful for assaying and screening effective epigenome drugs in cells and organisms.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 5","pages":"415-422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9623672","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39261734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is useful for imaging soft and fragile biological samples in liquids because it probes the samples’ surface topography by detecting ion currents under non-contact and force-free conditions. SICM acquires the surface topographical height by detecting the ion current reduction that occurs when an electrolyte-filled glass nanopipette approaches the sample surface. However, most biological materials have electrically charged surfaces in liquid environments, which sometimes affect the behavior of the ion currents detected by SICM and, especially, make topography measurements difficult. For measuring such charged samples, we propose a novel imaging method that uses a double-barrel nanopipette as an SICM probe. The ion current between the two apertures of the nanopipette desensitizes the surface charge effect on imaging. In this study, metaphase chromosomes of Indian muntjac were imaged by this technique because, owing to their strongly negatively charged surfaces in phosphate-buffered saline, it is difficult to obtain the topography of the chromosomes by the conventional SICM with a single-aperture nanopipette. Using the proposed method with a double-barrel nanopipette, the surfaces of the chromosomes were successfully measured, without any surface charge confounder. Since the detailed imaging of sample topography can be performed in physiological liquid conditions regardless of the sample charge, it is expected to be used for analyzing the high-order structure of chromosomes in relation to their dynamic changes in the cell division.
{"title":"Scanning ion-conductance microscopy with a double-barreled nanopipette for topographic imaging of charged chromosomes","authors":"Futoshi Iwata;Tatsuru Shirasawa;Yusuke Mizutani;Tatsuo Ushiki","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab009","url":null,"abstract":"Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is useful for imaging soft and fragile biological samples in liquids because it probes the samples’ surface topography by detecting ion currents under non-contact and force-free conditions. SICM acquires the surface topographical height by detecting the ion current reduction that occurs when an electrolyte-filled glass nanopipette approaches the sample surface. However, most biological materials have electrically charged surfaces in liquid environments, which sometimes affect the behavior of the ion currents detected by SICM and, especially, make topography measurements difficult. For measuring such charged samples, we propose a novel imaging method that uses a double-barrel nanopipette as an SICM probe. The ion current between the two apertures of the nanopipette desensitizes the surface charge effect on imaging. In this study, metaphase chromosomes of Indian muntjac were imaged by this technique because, owing to their strongly negatively charged surfaces in phosphate-buffered saline, it is difficult to obtain the topography of the chromosomes by the conventional SICM with a single-aperture nanopipette. Using the proposed method with a double-barrel nanopipette, the surfaces of the chromosomes were successfully measured, without any surface charge confounder. Since the detailed imaging of sample topography can be performed in physiological liquid conditions regardless of the sample charge, it is expected to be used for analyzing the high-order structure of chromosomes in relation to their dynamic changes in the cell division.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 5","pages":"423-435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfab009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25415764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alice M Stamatakis;Shanna L Resendez;Kai-Siang Chen;Morgana Favero;Jing Liang-Guallpa;Jonathan J Nassi;Shay Q Neufeld;Koen Visscher;Kunal K Ghosh
Here we describe the development and application of miniature integrated microscopes (miniscopes) paired with microendoscopes that allow for the visualization and manipulation of neural circuits in superficial and subcortical brain regions in freely behaving animals. Over the past decade the miniscope platform has expanded to include simultaneous optogenetic capabilities, electrically-tunable lenses that enable multi-plane imaging, color-corrected optics, and an integrated data acquisition platform that streamlines multimodal experiments. Miniscopes have given researchers an unprecedented ability to monitor hundreds to thousands of genetically-defined neurons from weeks to months in both healthy and diseased animal brains. Sophisticated algorithms that take advantage of constrained matrix factorization allow for background estimation and reliable cell identification, greatly improving the reliability and scalability of source extraction for large imaging datasets. Data generated from miniscopes have empowered researchers to investigate the neural circuit underpinnings of a wide array of behaviors that cannot be studied under head-fixed conditions, such as sleep, reward seeking, learning and memory, social behaviors, and feeding. Importantly, the miniscope has broadened our understanding of how neural circuits can go awry in animal models of progressive neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Continued miniscope development, including the ability to record from multiple populations of cells simultaneously, along with continued multimodal integration of techniques such as electrophysiology, will allow for deeper understanding into the neural circuits that underlie complex and naturalistic behavior.
{"title":"Miniature microscopes for manipulating and recording in vivo brain activity","authors":"Alice M Stamatakis;Shanna L Resendez;Kai-Siang Chen;Morgana Favero;Jing Liang-Guallpa;Jonathan J Nassi;Shay Q Neufeld;Koen Visscher;Kunal K Ghosh","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab028","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab028","url":null,"abstract":"Here we describe the development and application of miniature integrated microscopes (miniscopes) paired with microendoscopes that allow for the visualization and manipulation of neural circuits in superficial and subcortical brain regions in freely behaving animals. Over the past decade the miniscope platform has expanded to include simultaneous optogenetic capabilities, electrically-tunable lenses that enable multi-plane imaging, color-corrected optics, and an integrated data acquisition platform that streamlines multimodal experiments. Miniscopes have given researchers an unprecedented ability to monitor hundreds to thousands of genetically-defined neurons from weeks to months in both healthy and diseased animal brains. Sophisticated algorithms that take advantage of constrained matrix factorization allow for background estimation and reliable cell identification, greatly improving the reliability and scalability of source extraction for large imaging datasets. Data generated from miniscopes have empowered researchers to investigate the neural circuit underpinnings of a wide array of behaviors that cannot be studied under head-fixed conditions, such as sleep, reward seeking, learning and memory, social behaviors, and feeding. Importantly, the miniscope has broadened our understanding of how neural circuits can go awry in animal models of progressive neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Continued miniscope development, including the ability to record from multiple populations of cells simultaneously, along with continued multimodal integration of techniques such as electrophysiology, will allow for deeper understanding into the neural circuits that underlie complex and naturalistic behavior.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 5","pages":"399-414"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/84/95/dfab028.PMC8491619.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39201039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HyunJong Yoo;YongJu Jung;Sang-Hun Jang;Suk-Jun Lee;OnSeok Lee
Until now, studies on nail diseases have been performed through microscopic diagnosis and microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT). However, these kinds of conventional methods have some limitations. Firstly, the microscopic method is considered the gold standard for medical diagnosis. However, due to the use of fluorescent materials, the sample is damaged and it takes a long time to get results. Secondly, while micro-CT is a noninvasive method to get inner structure images of the sample with high resolution, the penetration and spatial resolution are insufficient for studying the microstructures of the sample, such as the sponge bone and the muscle fibers. In contrast, synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray imaging technology has the advantage of very vividly demonstrating the anatomic structure of the sample with high penetration, sensitivity and resolution. In this study, we compared the optical microscopic method using hematoxylin and eosin staining and SR imaging to analyze the nail tissue in a mouse model. The results showed that SR could depict the inner structures of a mouse nail without any physical damage. Additionally, we could divide the important anatomical structures of the nail unit into three parts with three-dimensional (3D) images: the nail bed, nail matrix and hyponychium. The images showed that SR could be used for analyzing nails by visualizing the relatively clear and medically semantic structures in a 3D section. We expect that the results of this study will be applied to study nail diseases and conduct pharmaceutical research on their treatment.
{"title":"Three-dimensional structure analysis of mouse nails using synchrotron radiation","authors":"HyunJong Yoo;YongJu Jung;Sang-Hun Jang;Suk-Jun Lee;OnSeok Lee","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab018","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab018","url":null,"abstract":"Until now, studies on nail diseases have been performed through microscopic diagnosis and microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT). However, these kinds of conventional methods have some limitations. Firstly, the microscopic method is considered the gold standard for medical diagnosis. However, due to the use of fluorescent materials, the sample is damaged and it takes a long time to get results. Secondly, while micro-CT is a noninvasive method to get inner structure images of the sample with high resolution, the penetration and spatial resolution are insufficient for studying the microstructures of the sample, such as the sponge bone and the muscle fibers. In contrast, synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray imaging technology has the advantage of very vividly demonstrating the anatomic structure of the sample with high penetration, sensitivity and resolution. In this study, we compared the optical microscopic method using hematoxylin and eosin staining and SR imaging to analyze the nail tissue in a mouse model. The results showed that SR could depict the inner structures of a mouse nail without any physical damage. Additionally, we could divide the important anatomical structures of the nail unit into three parts with three-dimensional (3D) images: the nail bed, nail matrix and hyponychium. The images showed that SR could be used for analyzing nails by visualizing the relatively clear and medically semantic structures in a 3D section. We expect that the results of this study will be applied to study nail diseases and conduct pharmaceutical research on their treatment.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 5","pages":"469-475"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfab018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the first report on analyzing the chemical state of Li-ion battery electrodes at different states of charge by using a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer, which has a two-order improved energy resolution in the soft X-ray energy region compared with that of a conventional energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Electrodes containing LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 were charged to prepare Li 0.5 Mn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 and λ-Mn 0.75 Ni 0.25 O 2 . The soft X-ray emission spectra obtained from those materials show that the O-K emission signal was drastically decreased throughout the charging process. This suggests that O-2p electron contributed to the electrochemical oxidation. The density of states and Bader charge evaluated from ab initio calculation support this result.
{"title":"Electron transfer in LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 during charging studied with soft X-ray spectrometry","authors":"Ryosuke Okamoto;Masami Terauchi","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab014","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab014","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first report on analyzing the chemical state of Li-ion battery electrodes at different states of charge by using a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer, which has a two-order improved energy resolution in the soft X-ray energy region compared with that of a conventional energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Electrodes containing LiMn\u0000<inf>1.5</inf>\u0000Ni\u0000<inf>0.5</inf>\u0000O\u0000<inf>4</inf>\u0000 were charged to prepare Li\u0000<inf>0.5</inf>\u0000Mn\u0000<inf>1.5</inf>\u0000Ni\u0000<inf>0.5</inf>\u0000O\u0000<inf>4</inf>\u0000 and λ-Mn\u0000<inf>0.75</inf>\u0000Ni\u0000<inf>0.25</inf>\u0000O\u0000<inf>2</inf>\u0000. The soft X-ray emission spectra obtained from those materials show that the O-K emission signal was drastically decreased throughout the charging process. This suggests that O-2p electron contributed to the electrochemical oxidation. The density of states and Bader charge evaluated from ab initio calculation support this result.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 5","pages":"450-460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfab014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25563792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a quick and straightforward method to evaluate image distortion in scanning electron microscopy using a certified reference material (CRM) as a test specimen. The CRM has a square dot-array structure, whose dot-pitch has an accredited value. By calculating the distance between each dot of the CRM via image analysis, we can detect the distortion in the image as variations of dot interval. Furthermore, by considering the uncertainty of the certified value, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the significance of the distortion in the image. This method enables us to easily estimate the uncertainty from image distortion, which can improve the reliability of measurement by scanning electron microscopy.
{"title":"Evaluation of image distortion in SEM by using a dot-array–based certified reference material","authors":"Kazuhiro Kumagai;Akira Kurokawa","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a quick and straightforward method to evaluate image distortion in scanning electron microscopy using a certified reference material (CRM) as a test specimen. The CRM has a square dot-array structure, whose dot-pitch has an accredited value. By calculating the distance between each dot of the CRM via image analysis, we can detect the distortion in the image as variations of dot interval. Furthermore, by considering the uncertainty of the certified value, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the significance of the distortion in the image. This method enables us to easily estimate the uncertainty from image distortion, which can improve the reliability of measurement by scanning electron microscopy.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 4","pages":"353-360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfab003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38825197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The microstructure, chemical composition and mechanical strength of heterogeneous materials of mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) saddle were studied. As the key component of the striking system, the saddle comprised two distinct layers including outer layer and inner layer. The outer layer contained blocky microtubules and exhibited compact appearance. The inner layer presented a typical periodic lamellar structure. Due to the change of the thickness of the mineralized outer layer, the organic multilamellar structure became the foundation and enhanced the connection strength (4.55 MPa) at the connect regions between the saddle and merus exoskeleton and membrane, respectively. In the process of fracture, the lamellar structure dispersed the stress effectively by the change of the crack deflection direction and the microfibrils ordered arrangement. The exploration of mantis shrimp saddle region is beneficial to understand the striking system and provided the possibility for the stable connection of heterogeneous materials in engineering fields. The microstructure, heterogeneous material connection characteristics and high mechanical strength of saddle provide bionic models for the preparation of fiber-reinforced resin composites and soft composites.
{"title":"Study on the heterogeneous material coupling connection characteristics and mechanical strength of Oratosquilla oratoria mantis shrimp saddle","authors":"Yunhong Liang;Hao Zhang;Qian Zhao;Zhaohua Lin;Zhihui Zhang;Zhiwu Han;Luquan Ren","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jmicro/dfab004","url":null,"abstract":"The microstructure, chemical composition and mechanical strength of heterogeneous materials of mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) saddle were studied. As the key component of the striking system, the saddle comprised two distinct layers including outer layer and inner layer. The outer layer contained blocky microtubules and exhibited compact appearance. The inner layer presented a typical periodic lamellar structure. Due to the change of the thickness of the mineralized outer layer, the organic multilamellar structure became the foundation and enhanced the connection strength (4.55 MPa) at the connect regions between the saddle and merus exoskeleton and membrane, respectively. In the process of fracture, the lamellar structure dispersed the stress effectively by the change of the crack deflection direction and the microfibrils ordered arrangement. The exploration of mantis shrimp saddle region is beneficial to understand the striking system and provided the possibility for the stable connection of heterogeneous materials in engineering fields. The microstructure, heterogeneous material connection characteristics and high mechanical strength of saddle provide bionic models for the preparation of fiber-reinforced resin composites and soft composites.","PeriodicalId":18515,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"70 4","pages":"361-367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38851963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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