Perovskite solar cell’s efficiency, stability and scalability: A review

In just a few years, the worldwide scientific community has worked diligently to increase the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells from 3.8% to 25.7%. Due to its low stability and poor scalability, it still lags in commercial performance concerning the crystalline silicon solar cell. Most of the high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSC) reported in the literature are on a 0.01 cm² area, and the efficiency of PSC decreases with an increase in area. The maximum said stability to date is 10,000 h which is relatively low compared to crystalline silicon technology. This work discussed the causes of instability, degradation mechanism, scalable fabrication methods, and high-stability perovskite solar cell. It emphasised the need for setting up testing protocols for universal stability testing of perovskite solar cell technology. The study found that trap states in the absorber layer, hole transport layer (HTL), and electron transport layer (ETL) are the reason for lower stability. The lower dimension perovskite solar cell shows better stability compared to its 3D counterparts.