环境和材料,从伦理、社会科学、法律和政治的角度来看

IF 1.3 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Materiaux & Techniques Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI:10.1051/MATTECH/2018067
J. Birat
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引用次数: 5

摘要

材料与环境有着深刻的联系,因为它们来源于从地圈中提取的原材料,在生产阶段依赖大量的能源和水,在开采矿石(或矿物)时,在钢铁厂或水泥窑中生产时,将排放物排放到空气、水和土壤中,包括大量的温室气体。它们还导致了它们所属的人工制品的排放和能源消耗,无论是消费品还是投资品。它们与生物圈的联系引发了许多问题,包括毒理学、生态毒理学或生物多样性,或者仅仅是公共卫生或工作场所。物质作为人类圈的一个重要组成部分,与人类圈本身以及生物圈、地圈、大气层和水圈都有着深刻的相互作用,从而通过各种机制与自然产生了普遍的相互作用。这引发了与材料在人类活动中的可持续性有关的问题,这些材料深深地沉浸在其中并纠缠在一起。处理这些环境问题的标准方法是援引可持续性,并解释所有参与者都参与了可持续发展,这是一种道德或伦理,指明了前进的方向:材料领域、工业、机构和研究的所有参与者都声称忠于可持续发展。在更技术的层面上,生命周期评估(LCA)等特定工具被广泛用于测量材料与环境的相互作用。然而,这还不足以妥善处理材料的环境问题,因为这些问题不再是边缘问题:相对于生物圈、地圈和整个地球来说,人类圈已经变得如此之大,以至于环境风险现在已经成为现代生活的一部分,尤其是在气候变化和生物多样性丧失方面。为了更深入地分析人类活动与自然的联系,有必要深入社会科学与人文学科,特别是环境伦理学。这是材料科学家(和其他人)在未来面对摆在我们面前的危险时果断行动的先决条件。本文回顾了环境伦理学的进展,这是一门诞生于20世纪70年代的相当年轻的学科,只要它能帮助世界人类剧场的所有演员以一种更自觉、更复杂的方式为未来选择台词,而不是简单地宣称服从可持续发展。我们将简要回顾该学科的知识分子先驱,如让-雅克·卢梭、亨利·大卫·梭罗、雷切尔·卡森或保罗·埃利希。这将有助于充实众所周知的概念,如预防原则或“污染者付费”原则,这些概念在创造新材料或新工艺以控制污染和健康问题时被援引,这是职业道德和环境法约束的一部分。有必要质疑内在价值的关键概念附属于谁或附属于什么:人、所有生物或生态系统,即整个环境,从而定义人类中心主义、生物中心主义和生态中心主义。环境法和可持续发展伦理仍然主要以人类为中心,而科学生态学则更明显地以生态为中心。为了应对当今环境问题带来的挑战并避免灾难,未来所有社会参与者和物质世界的人们可能有必要遵循环境伦理的步骤,从人类中心主义上升到更广泛的生态中心主义视野。
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The environment and materials, from the standpoints of ethics, social sciences, law and politics
Materials are deeply connected with the environment, because they stem from raw materials extracted from the geosphere, rely on large amounts of energy and of water in their production stage, project emissions to air, water and soil when their ores (or minerals) are mined, when they are made in steel mills or cement kilns, including very significant amounts of greenhouse gases. They also contribute to emissions and energy consumption of the artifacts of which they are part, either consumption or investment goods. Their connection with the biosphere raises many issues, in terms of toxicology, ecotoxicology or biodiversity or simply of public health or in the working place. Materials, as an essential part of the anthroposphere, interact deeply with the anthroposphere itself but also with the biosphere, the geosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, thus with nature in a general way through mechanisms which can no longer simply be described at the margin, as resource depletion or as pollution. This raises issues related to the sustainability of materials in human activities, in which they are deeply immersed and entangled. The standard way of dealing with these environmental issues is to invoke sustainability and to explain that all actors are engaged in sustainable development, a morals or an ethics that points in which direction to go: all players in the materials field, industry, institutions and research, claim allegiance to sustainable development. At a more technical level, specific tools like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are used extensively to measure the interaction of materials with the environment. This, however, is not enough to deal properly with the environmental issues of materials, because these issues are not marginal any longer: the anthroposphere has become so large with respect to the biosphere, the geosphere and the planet in general that environmental risk is now part of modern life, especially in connection with climate change and the loss of biodiversity. To go deeper in analyzing the connection of human activities with nature, it is therefore necessary to reach out to SSH (Social Science and Humanities) disciplines and particularly to environmental ethics. This is a prerequisite for materials scientists (and others) to act decisively in the future in the face of the danger that lies ahead of us. The present paper reviews the advances of environmental ethics, a fairly young discipline born in the 1970s, in as far as it can help all actors on the world anthropospheric theater choose their lines for the future in a more conscious and sophisticated way than simply claiming obedience to sustainability. We will review briefly intellectual forerunners of the discipline like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henri David Thoreau, Rachel Carson or Paul Ehrlich. This will help flesh out well-known concepts like the precautionary principle or the “polluter-pays” principle, which are invoked in creating new materials or new processes to keep pollution and health issues under control, as part of the constraints of professional ethics but also of environmental law. It will be necessary to question to whom or to what the key concept of intrinsic value is attached: people, all living organisms or ecosystems, i.e. the environment in general, and thus to define anthropocentrism, biocentrism and ecocentrism. Environmental law and the ethics of sustainable development are still mainly anthropocentric while scientific ecology is more clearly ecocentric. To tackle the challenges of environmental issues as they are posed today and to avoid catastrophes, it might be necessary in the future for all social players and for people of the world of materials to follow the steps of environmental ethics and to move up from anthropocentrism to the broader vision of ecocentrism.
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来源期刊
Materiaux & Techniques
Materiaux & Techniques MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
1.50
自引率
11.10%
发文量
20
期刊介绍: Matériaux & Techniques informs you, through high-quality and peer-reviewed research papers on research and progress in the domain of materials: physical-chemical characterization, implementation, resistance of materials in their environment (properties of use, modelling)... The journal concerns all materials, metals and alloys, nanotechnology, plastics, elastomers, composite materials, glass or ceramics. This journal for materials scientists, chemists, physicists, ceramicists, engineers, metallurgists and students provides 6 issues per year plus a special issue. Each issue, in addition to scientific articles on specialized topics, also contains selected technical news (conference announcements, new products etc.).
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