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Mechanical properties of stainless steel by using high temperature microhardness tester 采用高温显微硬度计测定不锈钢的力学性能
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2023021
Bruno Passilly, Ariane Quelquejeu, Amélie Kardache
In the aeronautical field, materials are used in severe environmental conditions (temperature, atmosphere), particularly for engine applications. In order to qualify new alloys compositions, ONERA is developing micromechanical characterization means to carry out indentation tests from room temperature up to 700 °C under conditions close to operating conditions. This method presents the interest of performing tests faster than classical mechanical tests like tensile or bending tests under severe conditions and with small amounts of materials. In order to carry out screening tests, a 316L stainless steel is studied and the evolution of hot Vickers hardness properties and yield stress versus temperature are presented. By increasing the applied load from 0.1 to 20 N, we show that we can neglect surface microstructural changes or possible contamination of the sample surface by oxidation. We show that from 0.5 N, the hardness measurement is independent of load on 316L stainless steel. By using Tabor’s law to express the mechanical resistance, we show that the hardness decreases by 50% when the test temperature goes from 20 to 700 °C, which is close to the supplier’s values. A discussion on the use of indentation to determine mechanical resistance and the limitations of this technique is presented. In perspective, these measurements could be carried out at 1000 °C and on many different materials such as layers, coatings, composite materials, brazing cords or additive manufacturing materials.
在航空领域,材料在恶劣的环境条件下使用(温度,大气),特别是发动机应用。为了鉴定新的合金成分,ONERA正在开发微力学表征手段,以便在接近操作条件的条件下,从室温到700°C进行压痕测试。这种方法比传统的机械测试(如在恶劣条件下使用少量材料的拉伸或弯曲测试)更快地进行测试。为了进行筛选试验,研究了316L不锈钢的热维氏硬度性能和屈服应力随温度的变化规律。通过将施加的载荷从0.1 N增加到20 N,我们表明我们可以忽略表面微观结构的变化或样品表面可能被氧化污染。结果表明,从0.5 N开始,316L不锈钢的硬度测量与载荷无关。通过Tabor定律来表示机械阻力,我们发现当测试温度从20°C到700°C时,硬度降低了50%,与供应商的值接近。讨论了压痕法测定机械阻力的方法及其局限性。从角度来看,这些测量可以在1000°C和许多不同的材料上进行,例如层,涂层,复合材料,钎焊线或增材制造材料。
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引用次数: 0
The application of various papercutting elements in packaging design 各种剪纸元素在包装设计中的应用
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2023023
Qianqian Xu
Outstanding packaging design can improve the attractiveness of products and thus increase their competitiveness in the market. This article incorporated traditional papercutting into packaging design and conducted a case analysis of the designed packaging scheme. In the analysis process, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to construct the evaluation structure, and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was used to conduct preliminary evaluations of the design scheme. Further analysis was then carried out based on the direction indicated by the preliminary evaluation. The results suggested that the CNN algorithm had better evaluation performance compared to the back-propagation neural network and support vector machine algorithms. The comparison between the CNN evaluation results and the manual evaluation results further confirmed the evaluation performance of the CNN algorithm. The integration of papercutting elements in the packaging design effectively enhanced the visibility and attractiveness of the packaging.
优秀的包装设计可以提高产品的吸引力,从而增加产品在市场上的竞争力。本文将传统剪纸融入到包装设计中,并对设计的包装方案进行案例分析。在分析过程中,运用层次分析法(AHP)构建评价结构,运用卷积神经网络(CNN)对设计方案进行初步评价。然后根据初步评价指出的方向进行进一步分析。结果表明,与反向传播神经网络和支持向量机算法相比,CNN算法具有更好的评价性能。CNN评估结果与人工评估结果的对比进一步证实了CNN算法的评估性能。在包装设计中融入剪纸元素,有效地提高了包装的可视性和吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
The emerging role of design in the circular materials field 设计在圆形材料领域的新兴作用
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2023019
Alessandro Squatrito, Marinella Ferrara
Nowadays, a common goal engages many disciplines in researching and implementing a circular and sustainable economic model, and design is one of them. Designers are involved in our global climate crisis governing and influencing production and consumption processes and materials. The latter, materials, are a fundamental part of design processes, and intervening in and through them, means solving many sustainability problems by moving toward possible circular production. For these reasons, design research has long transcended its traditional boundaries. We are witnessing a phenomenon in which design plays an unprecedented role: from “design with materials”, we have moved to “design for materials” and now “of materials”. Design becomes the interface between us and the material world through multidisciplinary tools, the mediator between problems and solutions, activating and directing interdisciplinary teams engaged in processes shared by their research. Evidence of this phenomenon is the growing number of public and private investments, actions in academies and research institutes, and realities in the industry involving designers and design-driven activities such as creative enterprises, incubators, and start-ups. This paper aims to highlight this phenomenon with examples where design is a significant player in materials development strategies. After an initial framing of the circular economy, the report analyzes the repositioning of materials design through a phenomenological analysis. This analysis includes the evolution of design approaches to materials through their creative practices. Moreover, we analyzed how design education is changing to respond to environmental issues. The paper creates and defines a taxonomy of material design case studies. It then closes with some reflections and conclusions.
如今,研究和实施循环和可持续经济模式的共同目标涉及许多学科,设计就是其中之一。设计师参与了我们的全球气候危机管理和影响生产和消费过程和材料。后者,材料,是设计过程的基本组成部分,通过它们的介入,意味着通过向可能的循环生产方向发展,解决许多可持续性问题。由于这些原因,设计研究早已超越了传统的界限。我们正在见证一个设计发挥着前所未有的作用的现象:从“用材料设计”,到“为材料设计”,再到现在的“为材料设计”。设计通过多学科工具成为我们与物质世界之间的界面,问题与解决方案之间的中介,激活和指导跨学科团队参与他们的研究共享过程。这种现象的证据是越来越多的公共和私人投资,学院和研究机构的行动,以及涉及设计师和设计驱动活动(如创意企业、孵化器和初创企业)的行业现实。本文旨在通过设计在材料开发策略中扮演重要角色的例子来突出这一现象。在循环经济的初步框架之后,报告通过现象学分析分析了材料设计的重新定位。这种分析包括通过他们的创造性实践来设计材料的方法的演变。此外,我们分析了设计教育如何改变以应对环境问题。本文创建并定义了材料设计案例研究的分类。然后以一些反思和结论结束。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrogen production from coke oven gas using pressure swing adsorption process − a mathematical modelling approach 用变压吸附法从焦炉煤气中制氢-一种数学建模方法
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2023027
Balan Ramani, Jan van der Stel, Gerard Jagers, Wim Buijs
Coal is playing a major role as a reductant and as an energy source in the present world steel production due to its low cost and widespread distribution around the world. At the same time, being the largest contributor to global CO 2 emissions, coal faces significant environmental challenges in terms of air pollution and global warming. Hydrogen is a promising alternative for coal in lowering the steel industry’s CO 2 footprint, but the availability of green hydrogen is currently limited by its high production cost. This research study focuses on developing a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology that will allow for continued use of coal for a smooth transition towards green hydrogen-based steel production, by better utilisation of its by-product coke oven gas to produce high purity hydrogen. A generic, fast and robust simulation tool for simulating a variety of PSA processes considering both equilibrium and kinetic effects using a detailed non-isothermal and non-isobaric model is developed in the study. The adsorption equilibrium data required for the model are calculated from experimental results using the non-linear regression data fitting method. A series of rigorous parametric studies and breakthrough tests are performed using the developed mathematical model for better understanding of the effects of different factors on the PSA process performance. With the better understanding obtained from the above-mentioned parametric studies, the model is optimised by performing several simulation tests to achieve a high process performance in terms of purity and recovery of the H 2 product, productivity of the adsorbents and energy consumption for compression of gases. The optimised 14-step multi-bed PSA cycle developed in this study allows for an improved energy efficiency of coal usage by better utilisation of its by-product coke oven gas by converting it into valuable high purity (>99.999%) hydrogen product with a recovery of over 75%.
煤炭由于其低廉的成本和广泛的分布在世界各地,在当今世界钢铁生产中作为还原剂和能源发挥着重要作用。与此同时,作为全球二氧化碳排放的最大贡献者,煤炭在空气污染和全球变暖方面面临着重大的环境挑战。在降低钢铁行业的二氧化碳足迹方面,氢是煤炭的一个有前途的替代品,但目前绿色氢的可用性受到其高生产成本的限制。这项研究的重点是开发一种变压吸附(PSA)技术,通过更好地利用其副产品焦炉煤气生产高纯度的氢气,使继续使用煤炭顺利过渡到绿色氢基钢铁生产。该研究开发了一种通用、快速和强大的模拟工具,用于模拟各种PSA过程,同时考虑平衡和动力学效应,使用详细的非等温和非等压模型。采用非线性回归数据拟合的方法,从实验结果中计算出模型所需的吸附平衡数据。使用开发的数学模型进行了一系列严格的参数研究和突破性测试,以更好地了解不同因素对PSA工艺性能的影响。从上述参数研究中获得更好的理解后,通过进行多次模拟试验对模型进行优化,以在h2产物的纯度和回收率、吸附剂的生产率和气体压缩能耗方面实现高工艺性能。本研究开发的优化的14步多床PSA循环通过更好地利用其副产品焦炉气,将其转化为有价值的高纯度(99.999%)氢产品,回收率超过75%,从而提高了煤炭使用的能源效率。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrogen steelmaking. Part 1: Physical chemistry and process metallurgy 氢炼钢。第1部分:物理化学和工艺冶金
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021025
F. Patisson, O. Mirgaux, J. Birat
Pushed to the forefront by the objective to drastically reduce the CO2 emissions from the steel industry, a new steelmaking route based on hydrogen and electricity is the subject of a great deal of attention and numerous R&D projects. The first step is to chemically reduce iron ore with H2, which is produced by electrolysis of water with low-carbon electricity, and then to transform the direct reduced iron into steel in an electric arc furnace. The second step is a conventional one, similar to that used for scrap recycling. The first step is similar to the so-called direct reduction process but would use pure electrolytic H2 instead of the H2–CO syngas obtained from natural gas reforming. In this paper, we first show how the reduction by pure H2 takes place at the microscopic level of the iron oxide grains and pellets. The three-step (hematite-magnetite-wüstite-iron) reduction occurs successively in time and simultaneously in the pellets. Secondly, a sophisticated kinetic model of the reduction of a single pellet based on the experimental findings is described. Lastly, we present a mathematical model for the simulation of the reduction by pure H2 in a shaft furnace, which can be very useful for the design of a future installation. The main results are that using pure hydrogen, the reduction kinetics are faster and can end with full metallization, the direct reduction process would be simpler, and the shaft furnace could be squatter. The gains in terms of CO2 emissions are quantified (85% off) and the whole route is compared to other zero-carbon solutions in Part 2.
在大幅减少钢铁行业二氧化碳排放的目标的推动下,一条基于氢和电的新炼钢路线受到了极大的关注和众多研发项目的关注。第一步是用低碳电解水产生的H2对铁矿石进行化学还原,然后在电弧炉中将直接还原的铁转化为钢。第二步是传统的,类似于废品回收。第一步类似于所谓的直接还原过程,但将使用纯电解H2而不是天然气重整获得的H2 - co合成气。在本文中,我们首先展示了纯H2如何在氧化铁颗粒和颗粒的微观水平上进行还原。赤铁矿—磁铁矿—钨铁—铁三步还原在时间上先后同时在球团中发生。其次,在实验结果的基础上,描述了一个复杂的单颗粒还原动力学模型。最后,我们提出了一个模拟竖炉中纯H2还原过程的数学模型,这对未来装置的设计非常有用。主要结果是:纯氢还原速度快,最终可完全金属化,直接还原过程简单,竖炉面积小。在第2部分中,对二氧化碳排放方面的收益进行了量化(减少85%),并将整个路线与其他零碳解决方案进行了比较。
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引用次数: 7
Mechanism of action of tin on the semi-conductive properties of PbO layer in lead acid battery 锡对铅酸电池PbO层半导电性能的作用机理
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021019
T. Dilmi, A. Dakhouche, M. Benaicha, H. Latelli
Although antimony in alloys for lead-acid batteries has better mechanical and electrochemical performance, it reduces the excessive potential for hydrogen evolution, resulting in excessive water loss and self-discharge of the battery. This paper aims to examine the action of tin in PbSn using different techniques. In this work, the addition of tin in PbCa was intended to suppress the premature capacity loss (PCL) caused by the substitution of antimony in the PbSb alloy by calcium that has good mechanical properties and a high hydrogen evolution potential (200 mV higher than that of antimony). This substitution induces the formation of a passive film composed mainly of α-PbO. The mechanism of action of tin on the anodic film obtained at 700 mV vs. Hg/Hg2SO4/K2SO4 saturated electrode with Pb – (0–5) wt.% Sn in 0.5 mol/L sulfuric acid solution at 25 °C was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), AC voltammetry, Mott–Schottky plots and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the film obtained. It was found that tin stops the growth of the anodic film due to the co-precipitation of certain conductive oxides which reduce the thickness of the passive film and increase its conductivity. A mechanism of action of tin on the electrochemical behavior of the anodic film was suggested based on the results.
虽然铅酸电池合金中的锑具有较好的机械性能和电化学性能,但它降低了析氢电位过高,导致电池失水过多和自放电。本文旨在通过不同的工艺研究锡在铅锡中的作用。在本研究中,在PbCa中加入锡是为了抑制由于PbSb合金中锑被钙取代而导致的过早容量损失(PCL),而钙具有良好的力学性能和高析氢电位(比锑高200 mV)。这种取代导致了主要由α-PbO组成的钝化膜的形成。研究了在700 mV下,锡与Hg/Hg2SO4/K2SO4饱和电极(Pb - (0-5) wt)在阳极膜上的作用机理。采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、交流伏安法、Mott-Schottky图和x射线衍射(XRD)对制备的薄膜在25℃下0.5 mol/L硫酸溶液中的% Sn进行了研究。结果表明,锡能阻止阳极膜的生长,这是由于某些导电氧化物的共析出,减少了钝化膜的厚度,提高了其导电性。在此基础上提出了锡对阳极膜电化学行为的作用机理。
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引用次数: 0
Development and testing of flameless burner fed by NG/H2 mix NG/H2混合气无焰燃烧器的研制与试验
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2022004
U. Zanusso, Jimmy Fabro, Irene Luzzo, F. Cirilli
The reduction of CO2 emissions from combustion equipment is the main solution to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere and then the development of new combustion systems based on carbon free fuels is a priority for combustion research. Hydrogen is one of the most promising fuels, if produced by renewable sources it can guarantee zero-CO2 emissions, but attention must be paid about NOx emissions, which can increase in case of use of hydrogen. A research activity including CFD analysis and experimental tests allows verifying the proper working of a 2.0 MW industrial flameless burner fed with a gaseous mixture composed by 30% of hydrogen and 70% of methane (volumetric basis). CFD results fully agree with experimental data; the burner can operate with both natural gas or mixture without any modification on the combustion process and NOx emissions. At a furnace temperature 1250 °C, combustion air temperature 520 °C, NOx emissions are below 80 mg/Nm3@3%O2. In case of working with stable and anchored flame NOx emissions increase as expected. The activity result allows individuating flameless combustion as one of the most suitable techniques for the use of hydrogen in iron and steel industry.
减少燃烧设备的CO2排放是降低大气中温室气体浓度的主要解决方案,而基于无碳燃料的新型燃烧系统的开发是燃烧研究的重点。氢气是最有前途的燃料之一,如果由可再生能源生产,它可以保证零二氧化碳排放,但必须注意氮氧化物的排放,在使用氢气的情况下,氮氧化物的排放会增加。包括CFD分析和实验测试在内的一项研究活动验证了2.0 MW工业无焰燃烧器的正常工作,该燃烧器以30%的氢气和70%的甲烷(体积基础)组成的气体混合物为燃料。CFD计算结果与实验数据完全吻合;燃烧器既可以使用天然气,也可以使用混合气,而燃烧过程和NOx排放没有任何改变。在炉温1250℃,燃烧空气温度520℃时,NOx排放量低于80 mg/Nm3@3%O2。在稳定和锚定火焰下工作时,NOx排放量如预期的那样增加。活性结果使无焰燃烧成为钢铁工业中最适合使用氢的技术之一。
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引用次数: 2
Structural and properties evolution of copper–nickel (Cu–Ni) alloys: a review of the effects of alloying materials 铜镍(Cu-Ni)合金的组织和性能演变:合金材料影响的综述
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021022
C. Nwaeju, F.O. Edoziuno, A. Adediran, E. Nnuka, O. Adesina
Copper–nickel alloy has the potential in sustaining the recent demands in advanced marine engineering applications. It has been found advantageous over other copper alloys due to the unique properties and corrosion resistance they possess. However, the structure of Cu–Ni alloy alone is not sufficient to withstand many applications, as the structure cannot perform efficiently in an aggressive environment. The performance of this alloy inherently depends on carefully select alloying compositions, as the alloying elements are associated with the precipitation of intermetallic particles that will enhance mechanical properties and corrosion resistance when designing the component of Cu–Ni alloys. A combination of alloying elements has been conceptualized in the designing of copper–nickel alloy. This review described the role of alloying elements in modifying the microstructural features through phase transformation and how it affects the improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of Cu–Ni based alloys. The effect of alloying elements on the structure and properties of Cu–Ni alloys have been critically summarized based on surveying the works done by authors on this category of structural modification binary Cu–Ni alloy.
铜镍合金具有满足现代先进海洋工程应用需求的潜力。由于它具有独特的性能和耐腐蚀性,已被发现优于其他铜合金。然而,Cu-Ni合金的结构本身不足以承受许多应用,因为该结构不能在恶劣的环境中有效地发挥作用。这种合金的性能本质上取决于精心选择的合金成分,因为合金元素与金属间颗粒的沉淀有关,在设计Cu-Ni合金组件时,金属间颗粒的析出将提高机械性能和耐腐蚀性。在铜镍合金的设计中,提出了合金元素组合的概念。本文综述了合金元素在Cu-Ni基合金中通过相变改变微观组织特征的作用,以及合金元素对Cu-Ni基合金力学和物理性能改善的影响。在对这类组织改性二元Cu-Ni合金的研究工作进行综述的基础上,总结了合金元素对Cu-Ni合金组织和性能的影响。
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引用次数: 5
Decarbonization of the steel industry. A techno-economic analysis 钢铁工业脱碳。技术经济分析
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2022002
Amaia Sasiain Conde, K. Rechberger, A. Spanlang, H. Wolfmeir, C. Harris
A substantial CO2-emmissions abatement from the steel sector seems to be a challenging task without support of so-called “breakthrough technologies”, such as the hydrogen-based direct reduction process. The scope of this work is to evaluate both the potential for the implementation of green hydrogen, generated via electrolysis in the direct reduction process as well as the constraints. The results for this process route are compared with both the well-established blast furnace route as well as the natural gas-based direct reduction, which is considered as a bridge technology towards decarbonization, as it already operates with H2 and CO as main reducing agents. The outcomes obtained from the operation of a 6-MW PEM electrolysis system installed as part of the H2FUTURE project provide a basis for this analysis. The CO2 reduction potential for the various routes together with an economic study are the main results of this analysis. Additionally, the corresponding hydrogen- and electricity demands for large-scale adoption across Europe are presented in order to rate possible scenarios for the future of steelmaking towards a carbon-lean industry.
如果没有所谓的“突破性技术”(如氢基直接还原工艺)的支持,钢铁行业的二氧化碳排放量大幅减少似乎是一项具有挑战性的任务。这项工作的范围是评估在直接还原过程中通过电解产生的绿色氢的实施潜力以及限制条件。该工艺路线的结果与成熟的高炉路线和天然气基直接还原进行了比较,后者被认为是脱碳的桥梁技术,因为它已经以H2和CO作为主要还原剂运行。作为H2FUTURE项目的一部分,6mw PEM电解系统的运行结果为该分析提供了基础。各种路线的二氧化碳减排潜力以及经济研究是这一分析的主要结果。此外,还提出了在整个欧洲大规模采用相应的氢和电力需求,以评估未来炼钢向低碳工业发展的可能情况。
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引用次数: 5
Les matériaux au cœur des enjeux stratégiques 材料是战略问题的核心
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2022001
D. Quantin
Les matériaux sont partout. Ils peuvent se vanter d’un rôle sociétal et économique majeur. Ils évoluent avec le monde qui les entoure. Leur production, développement et utilisation font la signature d’une société. Le monde « post-Covid » sera de plus en plus concurrentiel ; les « matériaux » font et feront partie de cette concurrence accrue.
材料无处不在。他们在社会和经济方面发挥着重要作用。他们随着周围的世界而进化。它们的生产、开发和使用是公司的标志。“后covid - 19”世界的竞争将日益激烈;“材料”现在是,将来也将是这种日益激烈的竞争的一部分。
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引用次数: 2
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