Examining Disease Multimorbidity in U.S. Hospital Visits Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Graph Analytics Approach

Enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare systems can be preempted by identifying patterns in diseases recorded in hospital visits over time. Disease multimorbidity or simultaneous occurrence of multiple diseases is a growing global public health challenge as populations age and long-term conditions become more prevalent. We propose a graph analytics framework for analyzing disease multimorbidity in hospital visits. Within the framework, we propose a graph model to explain multimorbidity as a function of prevalence, category, and chronic nature of the underlying disease. We apply our model to examine and compare multimorbidity patterns in public hospitals in Arizona, U.S., during five six-month time periods before and during the pandemic. We observe that while multimorbidity increased by 34.26% and 41.04% during peak pandemic for mental disorders and respiratory disorders respectively, the gradients for endocrine diseases and circulatory disorders were not significant. Multimorbidity for acute conditions is observed to be decreasing during the pandemic while multimorbidity for chronic conditions remains unchanged. Our graph analytics framework provides guidelines for empirical analysis of disease multimorbidity using electronic health records. The patterns identified using our proposed graph model informs future research and healthcare policy makers for pre-emptive decision making.