60年来,新西兰北岛东海岸地区河流和河流群运动冲沟复合体恢复中植被缓解策略的有效性

IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI:10.33494/nzjfs522022x226x
M. Marden, Antoinette Seymour
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引用次数: 3

摘要

背景:早期(1957-1997)的修复策略,主要是辐射松(Pinus radiata d.d . don)造林和原生灌木恢复,在治理新西兰北岛东海岸地区的沟沟侵蚀方面被证明是有效的。然而,未经处理的沟渠的扩大和新沟渠的启动需要对土地利用变化(1997 - 2017)进行额外投资,以减少其对现场和场外的影响。方法:对1957年(造林前)和1997年两次航拍的沟壑进行数字化处理。该地区于2017年重新飞行,为评估修复成功和失败提供了机会。对于丘陵地区,沟壑的位置和大小按植被类型记录,对于主要集水区,两个对比的地质地形,以及在吉斯伯恩区议会的区域和地区综合规划中指定为土地覆盖层3A (LO3A)的土地。结果:1997 - 2017年,601个经处理的沟槽完全恢复稳定,315个新沟槽形成。现存沟壑1864条,面积5347公顷。这意味着在这20年期间,数量减少了13%,面积减少了31%。在60年的时间里,在所有的土地使用中,2942个经处理的沟渠成功地稳定了下来。然而,随着1446个新沟渠的启动,目前有5347公顷的沟渠需要进一步处理,最大的受影响区域平均分布在牧区和重新造林的丘陵地区,主要位于第三系地形、Waiapu集水区和指定为LO3A的地区。结论:尽管自20世纪60年代初以来的沟壑修复尝试使沟壑数量减少了45%,但目前受沟壑影响的丘陵地区面积仅比60年前减少了5%。在此期间,沟谷的形成和发展超过了东海岸林业项目(ECFP)规定的侵蚀控制目标,即指定为LO3A的土地,以及到2020- 2022年“恢复怀亚普集水区”的目标。要解决沟壑侵蚀对现场和场外的持续影响,需要进一步加大长期投资,以确定这些未实现目标的优先顺序并完成这些目标。对于人工林国家环境标准(NES-PF)中确定为高侵蚀风险(橙色区域)或侵蚀风险非常高(红色区域)的沟壑,我们建议:(i)修订修复策略,以应对未来造林所需的更大、更积极的侵蚀沟壑;(ii)对于外来生产森林中的沟壑,重新种植更适合于提供长期稳定的物种(外来或本地),收获后。
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Effectiveness of vegetative mitigation strategies in the restoration of fluvial and fluvio-mass movement gully complexes over 60 years, East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand
Background: Early (1957–1997) remediation strategies, predominantly Pinus radiata D.Don afforestation and indigenous shrubland reversion, proved effective in treating gully erosion in the East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand. However, the expansion of untreated gullies and initiation of new ones necessitated additional investment in land-use change (1997– 2017) to reduce their on- and off-site impacts. Methods: Gullies were digitised from aerial photography flown in ~1957 (before reforestation) and again in 1997. The region was re-flown in 2017, providing an opportunity to assess remediation successes and failures. For hill country areas, gully location and size were recorded by vegetation type, for major catchments, for two contrasting geological terrains, and for land designated in Gisborne District Council’s Combined Regional and District Plan as Land Overlay 3A (LO3A). Results: Between 1997 and 2017, 601 treated gullies fully re-stabilised and 315 new gullies formed. There remain 1864 gullies, comprising 5347 ha. This represents a 13% reduction in numbers and a 31% decrease in area during this 20-year period. Over the longer 60-year period, and across all land uses, 2942 treated gullies successfully stabilised. However, with the initiation of 1446 new gullies there are currently 5347 ha of gully requiring further treatment, with the largest of the affected area equally distributed across pastoral and reforested hill country and primarily located within the Tertiary terrain, Waiapu catchment, and areas designated as LO3A. Conclusions: Although attempts at gully remediation since the early 1960s have resulted in a 45% reduction in gully number, the current area of hill country affected by gullying is only 5% less than 60 years ago. During this period, gully initiation and development have outstripped mandated erosion control targets set by the East Coast Forestry Project (ECFP), for land designated as LO3A, and for the ‘Restoration of the Waiapu Catchment’ by 2020-22. Addressing ongoing on- and off-site impacts of gully erosion will require further significant long-term investment in the prioritisation and completion of these unfulfilled targets. For gullies identified in the National Environmental Standard for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF) as high erosion risk (orange zone) or where the erosion risk is very high (red zone), we recommend: (i) a revision of remediation strategies for the larger and more actively eroding of gullies destined for future afforestation, and (ii) for gullies within exotic production forests, the replanting of species (exotic or indigenous) better suited to providing long-term stabilisation, post-harvest.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.20
自引率
13.30%
发文量
20
审稿时长
39 weeks
期刊介绍: The New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science is an international journal covering the breadth of forestry science. Planted forests are a particular focus but manuscripts on a wide range of forestry topics will also be considered. The journal''s scope covers forestry species, which are those capable of reaching at least five metres in height at maturity in the place they are located, but not grown or managed primarily for fruit or nut production.
期刊最新文献
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