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Impacts of tending on attributes of radiata pine trees and stands in New Zealand – a review 抚育对新西兰辐射松林分属性的影响
4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x178x
Euan G. Mason
Background: Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) has been grown in New Zealand’s plantations for more than a century, and silviculturists began by employing Eurocentric ideas about how to manage forest stands. Research and development gradually led to an entirely new approach to silviculture, where volume production was sacrificed to promote value, and high investments in individual trees led to very low stand stockings by international standards. Methods: The development of pruning and thinning technology was reviewed, highlighting the most important developments, and identifying impacts of tending on tree and stand attributes. Results: Decision-support systems for planning pruning and heavy, early pre-commercial (waste) thinning became very sophisticated. As ideas changed, however, structural regimes without pruning became more prevalent, and this has necessitated new forms of silvicultural research. Ideas for new areas of tending research in New Zealand are outlined. Conclusions: A unique approach to tending plantations developed in New Zealand that involves sacrificing volume production to increase the value of an investment in pruned forest stands. Experiments aimed at building decision-support systems for these silvicultural regimes have yielded a great deal of information about impacts of pruning and thinning in stands with relatively open canopies. Recent changes in focus towards growing construction lumber require a greater research focus on factors influencing wood stiffness and stability as well as a clear understanding of the use of higher stocking levels with a variety of genotypes on a range of sites. Stand dynamics and mortality will be more relevant than for pruning regimes, and a variety of new experiments is required.
背景:辐射松(Pinus Radiata D.Don)在新西兰的种植园中种植了一个多世纪,林业学家开始采用以欧洲为中心的理念来管理林分。研究和发展逐渐导致了一种全新的造林方法,在这种方法中,为了提高价值而牺牲了批量生产,对单株树木的高投资导致了按照国际标准非常低的林分长袜。方法:综述了国内外修剪间伐技术的发展概况,重点介绍了修剪间伐技术的研究进展,并分析了抚育对林分属性的影响。结果:规划修剪和重,早期预商用(废物)间伐的决策支持系统变得非常复杂。然而,随着观念的改变,没有修剪的结构制度变得更加普遍,这就需要新的造林研究形式。概述了新西兰抚育研究新领域的想法。结论:在新西兰开发了一种独特的抚育人工林的方法,该方法涉及牺牲产量以增加对修剪林分的投资价值。旨在为这些造林制度建立决策支持系统的实验已经产生了大量关于对树冠相对开放的林分进行修剪和间伐的影响的信息。最近对日益增长的建筑木材的关注变化要求对影响木材刚度和稳定性的因素进行更大的研究,并清楚地了解在一系列地点使用各种基因型的较高放养水平。林分动态和死亡率将比修剪制度更相关,需要进行各种新的实验。
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引用次数: 0
Above-ground biomass accumulation in Cerradão managed by the mass ratio Cerradão的地上生物量积累由质量比管理
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-08-20 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x232x
Matheus Santos Martins, Eder Pereira Miguel, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Milton Serpa de Meira Junior, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, H. Souza
Background: Forests have a huge potential to mitigate global warming through CO2 accumulation in their living biomass. Thus, understanding the functioning of these ecosystems is crucial for revealing factors that drive biomass accumulation. Functional diversity helps us understand ecosystem services, including biomass accumulation. Within this context, this work aimed to investigate the role of functional diversity in biomass accumulation for woody vegetation of the Cerradão.Methods: We estimated above-ground biomass (AGB) of 50 Cerradão stands in Brazil and measured five different functional traits associated with tree species’ survival and growth. For each stand, we calculated five community-weighted means (CWMs), based on each functional trait, and three functional diversity metrics. We specifically explored the relationship between CWMs describing functional diversity metrics and AGB. After that, exponential regressions were adjusted, using the variables that presented significant correlation as independent variables and AGB as a dependent variable. Regressions with more than one independent variable were fitted in a way that avoided collinearity. Based on the strongest correlation coefficient (r) and the lowest Akaike value (AIC), we chose the best regression to explain the majority of the variance in AGB.Results: Our results showed the role of function in determining AGB. In particular, bivariate correlations show that four CWM functional traits and two functional diversity metrics are significantly associated with AGB production, with CWM showing AGB estimation variables. However, multiple regression analyses show that maximum height is the only trait significantly associated with AGB and it alone provides the best model fit.Conclusions: The accumulation of AGB in Cerradão is explained by the mass ratio theory, and this ecosystem services is directly related to the presence and abundance of species with greater potential tree height (Htmax).
背景:森林通过其生物量中的二氧化碳积累,具有缓解全球变暖的巨大潜力。因此,了解这些生态系统的功能对于揭示驱动生物量积累的因素至关重要。功能多样性有助于我们了解生态系统服务,包括生物量积累。在这种背景下,这项工作旨在研究功能多样性在塞拉多木本植被生物量积累中的作用。方法:我们估计了巴西50个塞拉多林分的地上生物量(AGB),并测量了与树种生存和生长相关的五种不同功能性状。对于每个林分,我们根据每个功能性状和三个功能多样性指标计算了五个群落加权平均值(CWM)。我们特别探讨了描述功能多样性度量的CWM与AGB之间的关系。之后,使用呈现显著相关性的变量作为自变量,AGB作为因变量,对指数回归进行调整。具有一个以上自变量的回归以避免共线的方式拟合。基于最强的相关系数(r)和最低的Akaike值(AIC),我们选择了最好的回归来解释AGB中的大部分方差。特别是,双变量相关性表明,四个CWM功能性状和两个功能多样性指标与AGB产生显著相关,其中CWM显示AGB估计变量。然而,多元回归分析表明,最大身高是唯一与AGB显著相关的特征,并且它单独提供了最佳的模型拟合。结论:AGB在Cerradão的积累可以用质量比理论来解释,这种生态系统服务与潜在树高(Htmax)较大的物种的存在和丰度直接相关。
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative genetic parameters of heartwood and its chemical traits in a black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold) clonal seed orchard established in Greece 希腊黑松(Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold)无性系种子园心材数量遗传参数及其化学性状
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-06-11 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x249x
K. Ioannidis, Polyxeni Koropouli
Background: Black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold) is one of the most productive conifers species for timber production in southern Europe, the Mediterranean region and Greece. Recently, the interest for its heartwood extractives content due to their medicinal properties has been renewed. Black pine can be used to produce high added value products, such as bioactive compounds produced from wood and wood waste materials.Methods: Quantitative genetic parameters were estimated for heartwood chemical traits and heartwood percentage in a 44-year-old Pinus nigra clonal seed orchard, established in Peloponnese, Greece.Results: Significant variation was found among clones and among provenances for all studied traits. Heritability on a clone mean basis was extremely high for total acetone extractives, total resin acids as for all resin acids (≥0.85), except levopimaric acid (0.47) and very high for total stilbenes, pinosylvins as for dehydroabietic acid and heartwood percentage (0.69-0.79). On an individual basis, the genetic control was moderate to high (0.53-0.62) for total acetone extractives, total resin acids as for most of resin acids (≥0.85) with dehydroabietic acid presenting low value (0.39) while levopimaric acid very low (0.15). Total stilbenes, pinosylvins and its ether derivatives as heartwood percentage exhibited low values of heritability on individual basis (0.31-0.43). The phenotypic correlation (rp) between total acetone extracts and total stilbenes was negatively weak (≤-0.173) and significant (p≤0.01) while the genetic correlation (rg) was moderate to strong (≤-0.502). The rp values between several pinosylvins were significantly (p≤0.01) moderate to strong (0.529-0.975) as were genetic correlations (0.583-0.975). Between the studied resin acids, both rp and rg values were mostly medium to strong (rp≥0.8 and rg≥0.7) and significant (p≤0.01) in the case of phenotypic correlations, with minor exceptions (levopimaric acid). Phenotypic and genetic correlations between heartwood percentage and its chemical traits were positive (being in most cases significant), except for dehydroabietic and levopimaric acid.Conclusions: The studied clones, comprising the clonal seed orchard, can be used in clonal forestry and subsequent breeding cycles, indicating high potential for advanced breeding, especially for heartwood extractives that are of high pharmaceutical and economic value.
背景:黑松(Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold)是南欧、地中海地区和希腊木材生产中产量最高的针叶树物种之一。近年来,由于其药用特性,人们对其心材提取物含量的兴趣再次高涨。黑松可用于生产高附加值产品,如由木材和木材废料生产的生物活性化合物。方法:在希腊伯罗奔尼撒建立的一个44年生的黑松无性系种子园中,对心材化学性状和心材百分比进行了定量遗传参数估计。在克隆平均基础上,总丙酮提取物的遗传力极高,除左旋海松酸(0.47)外,所有树脂酸的总树脂酸(≥0.85)非常高,总二苯乙烯、皮诺钾盐脱氢枞酸和心材百分比(0.69-0.79)非常高。在个体基础上,全丙酮提取物的基因控制为中高(0.53-0.62),大多数树脂酸的总树脂酸(≥0.85),脱氢枞酸的值较低(0.39),而左旋海松酸的值很低(0.15),樟子松及其醚衍生物的心材百分比在个体基础上表现出较低的遗传力(0.31-0.43)。总丙酮提取物和总二苯乙烯之间的表型相关性(rp)为负弱(≤-0.173)和显著(p≤0.01),而遗传相关性(rg)为中到强(≤-0.502)显著(p≤0.01)中-强(0.529-0.975)和遗传相关性(0.583-0.975。心材百分比与其化学性状之间的表型和遗传相关性是正的(在大多数情况下是显著的),除了脱氢枞酸和左海松酸。结论:所研究的克隆包括克隆种子园,可用于克隆林业和随后的育种周期,表明其具有很高的高级育种潜力,尤其是具有高药用和经济价值的心材提取物。
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引用次数: 0
Tree root research in New Zealand: a retrospective ‘review’ with emphasis on soil reinforcement for soil conservation and wind firmness 新西兰的树根研究:回顾“回顾”,重点是土壤加固以保持土壤和防风
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x177x
C. Phillips, M. Bloomberg, M. Marden, S. Lambie
Background: Trees and forests have been used in New Zealand to reduce erosion, particularly from rainfall–triggered landslides, gullying, and earthflows. Most New Zealand tree root research has been conducted during the life of the New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, with much published in it.Methods: We undertook a retrospective ‘review’ of New Zealand tree root research focusing on soil reinforcement and its application for erosion control, slope stability assessment, and understanding tree stability in forests. The published and grey literature was searched using common search terms and relevant papers assessed. The international literature was not reviewed but helped provide context for the New Zealand studies.Results: Results were aggregated into broad topic areas and key findings summarised. Where multiple studies existed for a particular species, results are presented by species. Selected data are presented to enable inter-species comparisons, and the reader is directed to additional data or the original study.Conclusions: New Zealand tree root research has focused mostly on root description or simple measurements to support applied studies of root structure and function. Nonetheless, such research has made a valuable global contribution in addition to improving the understanding and management of New Zealand’s forests. Studies show that generally, exotic species outperform indigenous species for most empirical root metrics other than root tensile strength. A combination of both lateral and vertical roots provides the best soil reinforcement and contribution to slope stability. Future research should focus on acquiring more field data and improvements in dealing with spatial and temporal variability in model development. Practical tools for land managers to target the right places with the right vegetation (species, amount, density) are a pressing need as changing climate is changing the way we manage natural hazards like landslides, floods and wildfires.
背景:在新西兰,树木和森林被用来减少侵蚀,特别是降雨引发的山体滑坡、海鸥和泥石流。大多数新西兰树根研究都是在《新西兰林业科学杂志》出版期间进行的,其中发表了大量文章。方法:我们对新西兰树根研究进行了回顾性“回顾”,重点是土壤加固及其在侵蚀控制、边坡稳定性评估和了解森林中树木稳定性方面的应用。使用常用搜索词搜索已发表的灰色文献,并评估相关论文。没有对国际文献进行审查,但有助于为新西兰的研究提供背景。结果:将结果汇总为广泛的主题领域,并总结关键发现。如果存在针对特定物种的多项研究,则按物种提供结果。提供选定的数据是为了进行物种间比较,读者可以参考其他数据或原始研究。结论:新西兰的树根研究主要集中在树根描述或简单的测量上,以支持对树根结构和功能的应用研究。尽管如此,这类研究除了改善对新西兰森林的了解和管理外,还为全球做出了宝贵贡献。研究表明,一般来说,除了根系抗拉强度外,外来物种在大多数经验根系指标上都优于本土物种。侧根和垂直根的结合提供了最佳的土壤加固和对边坡稳定性的贡献。未来的研究应侧重于获取更多的现场数据,并改进模型开发中的空间和时间可变性。随着气候变化正在改变我们管理山体滑坡、洪水和野火等自然灾害的方式,土地管理者迫切需要实用工具,以确定植被(物种、数量、密度)的合适位置。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of changes in forest water balance and inferred root reinforcement on landslide occurrence and sediment generation following Pinus radiata harvest on Tertiary terrain, eastern North Island, New Zealand 新西兰北岛东部第三纪地区辐射松采伐后森林水分平衡变化和推断根系加固对滑坡发生和产沙的影响
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-03-04 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x216x
M. Marden, D. Rowan, A. Watson
Background: The frequent occurrence of storm-initiated landslides following harvesting of Pinus radiata D.Don in steep, Tertiary terrain, East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand, is of increasing concern. This paper documents the influence of tree removal and of replacement plantings on the canopy water balance and soil moisture regime when slopes are at their most vulnerable to landslide occurrence. Methods: At a previously established study site, rainfall, throughfall, and soil moisture data were collected before a mature stand of P. radiata was harvested. After harvesting, part of the study site was replanted with P. radiata at 1000 stems ha-1 and part with 500 stems ha-1. Relationships between hydrological changes and landslide occurrence are discussed in relation to planting density, site factors, root system development, silvicultural regimes, and alternative land use options for mitigating erosion in highly erodible hill country. Results: Following harvesting, soil moisture levels remained higher for longer than under a mature forest until rainfall interception and evapotranspiration returned to pre-harvest levels. This coincided with canopy closure, irrespective of planting density. After thinning, interception and evapotranspiration decreased, then regained the equivalent of a closed canopy 2 years later. Landslide occurrence was highest on slopes >25° and with a NE aspect. Sediment generation rates were highest in 2─4-year-old plantings, then decreased markedly with increasing tree age. Conclusions: Irrespective of planting density, P. radiata had little influence on the soil-water regime until canopy interception, evapotranspiration rates, soil-drying and recharge cycles returned to pre-harvest levels, coinciding with canopy closure. During this period, pore-water pressures at times of heavy or prolonged rainfall likely result in soil saturation and an increase in landslides. The progressive loss of root strength of the harvested trees had a secondary influence. The duration of the post-harvest period of heightened slope vulnerability to landslide initiation is a function of the combined influences of site factors on rates of tree growth and survival, and of the planting density regime on the canopy water balance and soil water content until the development of an effective live soil-root reinforcement system. For areas identified as high risk, the targeting of high-value timber species with longer rotation length, including consideration of coppicing species, would minimise the risk of slope failure at harvest. Very high-risk areas unsuited to rotational harvesting will ultimately require transitioning to a permanent indigenous forest cover.
背景:在新西兰北岛东海岸地区陡峭的第三纪地形上采集辐射松后,风暴引发的山体滑坡频繁发生,这越来越令人担忧。本文记录了当边坡最容易发生滑坡时,树木移除和置换种植对冠层水分平衡和土壤水分状况的影响。方法:在之前建立的研究地点,在收获成熟的辐射P.radiata林分之前,收集降雨量、穿透量和土壤湿度数据。收获后,研究地点的一部分以1000茎ha-1和500茎ha-1重新种植辐射P.radiata。讨论了水文变化与滑坡发生之间的关系,包括种植密度、场地因素、根系发育、造林制度以及在易受侵蚀的丘陵地区减轻侵蚀的替代土地利用方案。结果:收获后,土壤水分水平比成熟森林下保持更高的时间更长,直到降雨拦截和蒸散恢复到收获前的水平。无论种植密度如何,这都与树冠关闭相吻合。疏伐后,截留量和蒸散量减少,2年后恢复到相当于封闭冠层的水平。滑坡发生率在大于25°的斜坡上最高,呈NE向。沉积物生成率在2─4年生植株,然后随着树龄的增加而显著减少。结论:无论种植密度如何,辐射P.radiata对土壤水分状况的影响都很小,直到冠层截留、蒸散率、土壤干燥和补给周期恢复到收获前的水平,与冠层闭合相吻合。在此期间,强降雨或长时间降雨时的孔隙水压力可能导致土壤饱和和滑坡增加。收获树木根系强度的逐渐丧失具有次要影响。在开发出有效的活土壤根系加固系统之前,高边坡易受滑坡影响的收获后时期的持续时间是场地因素对树木生长和存活率的综合影响,以及种植密度制度对冠层水分平衡和土壤含水量的综合影响的函数。对于被确定为高风险地区,以轮作时间较长的高价值木材物种为目标,包括考虑砍伐物种,将最大限度地降低收获时边坡破坏的风险。不适合轮流采伐的高风险地区最终将需要过渡到永久的土著森林覆盖。
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引用次数: 2
Spectral quality influence on in vitro morphophysiological responses of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden × E. urophylla S.T.Blake 光谱质量对邓桉和巨桉离体形态生理反应的影响
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-01-29 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x218x
Samira Rangel do Prado Frade, Denys Matheus Santana Costa Souza, S. B. Fernandes, Maria Lopes Martins Avelar, Letícia Vaz Molinari, Douglas Santos Gonçalves, Thiago Alves Magalhães, G. E. Brondani
Background: In vitro growth and development of plants in the micropropagation stages are influenced by several factors, including the light spectral quality, which has shown important effects on the photomorphogenesis. The work aimed to evaluate the photomorphogenic effect of spectral qualities on in vitro culture of Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla.Methods: Six light spectral qualities (i.e., red, white, blue, yellow, purple, and green) on in vitro multiplication, elongation, and adventitious rooting stages were evaluated through analysis of variance followed by a Tukey’s test.Results: White spectral quality was most adequate for in vitro multiplication of Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, as it resulted in less tissue oxidation, longer shoot length, and more buds per explant. Red, blue and yellow spectral qualities increased the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll (a+b) leaf contents of Eucalyptus dunnii. To promote in vitro elongation, white spectral quality was most suitable for Eucalyptus dunnii, and yellow for Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, as these resulted in more shoot length and shoots per explant. Red, white, blue and purple spectral qualities increased the stomatal density of Eucalyptus dunnii; while the white and yellow were the better for Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla. To promote in vitro rooting, the white and yellow spectral qualities caused the best results for the Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla, with longer root length and more roots per explant. Eucalyptus dunnii showed reduced adventitious rooting, regardless of spectral quality.Conclusions: Light quality influence the morphophysiological responses of Eucalyptus in different stages of in vitro culture. Our results contribute to maximise the in vitro cloning of important eucalypts species.
背景:处于微繁殖阶段的植物的体外生长发育受到几个因素的影响,包括光谱质量,这对光形态发生具有重要影响。本研究旨在评价邓桉和巨桉×尾叶桉离体培养过程中光谱品质的光形态效应。方法:通过方差分析和Tukey检验,评价了红、白、蓝、黄、紫、绿六种光谱品质在体外增殖、伸长和不定根阶段的表现。结果:白光谱质量最适合邓桉和巨桉×尾叶桉的体外增殖,因为它能减少组织氧化,延长芽长,每个外植体有更多的芽。红、蓝、黄光谱品质提高了邓桉叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素(a+b)的含量。为了促进离体伸长,白色光谱质量最适合邓桉,黄色光谱质量最适于巨桉×尾叶桉,因为这会导致更多的芽长和每个外植体的芽数。红、白、蓝、紫光谱品质提高了邓桉的气孔密度;而白色和黄色对巨桉×尾叶桉效果较好。为了促进离体生根,邓桉和巨桉×尾叶桉的白色和黄色光谱品质效果最好,根长较长,每个外植体的根数较多。邓桉不定根减少,与光谱质量无关。结论:光照质量影响桉树离体培养不同阶段的形态生理反应。我们的研究结果有助于最大限度地实现重要桉树物种的体外克隆。
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引用次数: 2
Bioefficacy of Euphorbia peplus latex as an antifeedant and insecticide against Gonipterus platensis larvae on Eucalyptus globulus 大胡木胶乳对蓝桉上的高原gonipterensis幼虫的拒食和杀虫效果研究
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x195x
A. Huerta, Í. Chiffelle, C. Arias, T. Curkovic, J. Araya
Background: Gonipterus platensis (Marelli) is part of the Gonipterus scutellatus species complex which consists of three species that have spread beyond their natural ranges. Due to its high reproductive potential and a capacity for intense defoliation by both larvae and adults, G. platensis causes tree growth loss and stem deformities. The antifeeding effect and insecticide efficacy of latex from petty spurge, Euphorbia peplus L. (Euphorbiaceae), on larvae of G. platensis, were evaluated through bioassays, with a view to its integrated management.Methods: Eucalyptus globulus leaves treated by immersion in Euphorbia peplus latex solutions were infested with five third-instar larvae, and the area consumed was determined at 24 h. The antifeeding effect of five latex solutions applied with a brush on Eucalyptus globulus leaves, using a random experimental design of six treatments and five replications, was also evaluated. Larval mortality was recorded daily and analysed by an ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of the individuals) was calculated by Probit analysis and Chi2 tests were performed.Results: The ethanolic solutions of the latex caused strong antifeeding effect, with total inhibition of larval feeding at all solutions. Larval mortality increased significantly over time up to 76%, due to the effect of the ethanol latex solutions, in all solutions by day 6. The lower LC50 values were 0.049 and 0.012% w/v on days 5 and 6, respectively.Conclusions: These results indicate that Euphorbia peplus latex is a promising bioinsecticide and a possible alternative for integrated pest management. However, further tests should be carried out.
背景:高原Gonipterus platensis (Marelli)是scutellatus Gonipterus物种复合体的一部分,该复合体由三个物种组成,这些物种已经超出了它们的自然范围。由于其高繁殖潜力和幼虫和成虫强烈落叶的能力,platensis造成树木生长损失和茎畸形。采用生物测定法评价了大戟科大戟草(Euphorbia peplus L.)乳胶对大戟草(G. platensis)幼虫的驱食效果和杀虫效果,以期对其进行综合治理。方法:采用6个处理、5个重复的随机试验设计,用毛笔涂刷5种胶乳溶液对蓝桉叶片进行防食试验,测定5只3龄幼虫侵食24 h后的侵食面积。每天记录幼虫死亡率,并通过方差分析和Tukey检验进行分析。采用Probit分析法计算LC50(杀死50%个体的致死浓度),并进行Chi2试验。结果:乳胶乙醇溶液具有较强的抗取食作用,各溶液均能完全抑制幼虫取食。随着时间的推移,由于乙醇乳胶溶液的影响,在所有溶液中,到第6天,幼虫死亡率显著增加,高达76%。第5天和第6天LC50低值分别为0.049和0.012% w/v。结论:大戟胶乳是一种很有发展前途的生物杀虫剂,是一种很有可能用于害虫综合治理的替代农药。但是,应该进行进一步的测试。
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引用次数: 0
Sawn timber and structural products from ‘Kawa’ poplar (Populus deltoides Marshall x P. yunnanensis Dode) grown in Northland, New Zealand 生长在新西兰Northland的“Kawa”白杨(三角杨Marshall x P.yunnanensis Dode)的锯材和结构产品
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x238x
D. Satchell, John Moore
Background: While poplar (Populus spp.) is an important source of raw materials for the wood processing sector in many regions of the world, in New Zealand it has a reputation for producing poor grade recoveries of sawn timber that is unsuitable for structural applications. However, the ‘Kawa’ poplar clone (Populus deltoides Marshall x P. yunnanensis Dode), which has relatively high wood density, could yield structural timber. This, along with evidence demonstrating building code compliance, would improve utilisation options for this species in New Zealand.Methods: Sawn timber conversion and grade recovery were quantified for a 28-year-old pruned stand of ‘Kawa’ poplar grown in Northland, New Zealand. A sample of 90 mm x 45 mm structural boards were tested to determine their mechanical properties and the resulting strength class. Boron preservative retention and penetration were measured to determine whether timber could be treated to the level required under New Zealand’s building standards. Density, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were assessed on small defect-free specimens taken from different radial and vertical positions within trees to determine intra-stem and inter-stem variation in these properties.Results: The overall conversion of logs to sawn timber was 53%, with approximately 94% of this recovery consisting of graded timber. The most common sources of downgrade were knots, pruning wounds, and end-splits. Approximately 70% of the sawn boards were graded as clears, with smaller recoveries of cladding and structural boards. The average length of clear section was approximately 2.5 m. Mechanical testing of structural boards demonstrated that they have characteristic values sufficient to meet the requirements for the SG10 strength class. Preservative treatment achieved the H1.2 specification. Density, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were all higher in specimens cut from the outside of the log compared with those taken from near the pith at all heights up the stem.Conclusions: Mechanical properties and boron treatment results indicate suitability for structural applications in accordance with New Zealand’s building code. ‘Kawa’ poplar also produced high grade recoveries suggesting potential for commercial sawn timber production, especially for structural appearance products.
背景:虽然白杨(Populus spp.)是世界许多地区木材加工部门的重要原材料来源,但在新西兰,它以生产不适合结构应用的劣质锯材而闻名。然而,具有相对较高木材密度的“卡瓦”杨无性系(三角杨马歇尔×云南杨多德)可以生产结构木材。这一点,再加上证明符合建筑规范的证据,将改善新西兰该物种的利用选择。方法:对新西兰Northland一个28年树龄的“Kawa”杨修剪林分的锯材转化和等级恢复进行量化。对90mmx45mm结构板的样品进行测试,以确定其机械性能和由此产生的强度等级。对硼防腐剂的保留率和渗透性进行了测量,以确定木材是否可以处理到新西兰建筑标准要求的水平。对取自树木内不同径向和垂直位置的无缺陷小试样进行密度、弹性模量和断裂模量评估,以确定这些特性的茎内和茎间变化。结果:原木转化为锯材的总转化率为53%,其中约94%的回收率由分级木材组成。降级最常见的原因是打结、修剪伤口和末端裂开。大约70%的锯木板被分级为透明木板,包层和结构板的回收率较小。净截面的平均长度约为2.5m。结构板的机械测试表明,它们的特征值足以满足SG10强度等级的要求。防腐处理达到H1.2规范。从原木外部切割的样本的密度、弹性模量和断裂模量都高于从木髓附近茎部以上所有高度切割的样本。结论:根据新西兰建筑规范,机械性能和硼处理结果表明适用于结构应用卡瓦白杨也产生了高品位的回收率,这表明其具有商业锯材生产的潜力,尤其是结构外观产品。
{"title":"Sawn timber and structural products from ‘Kawa’ poplar (Populus deltoides Marshall x P. yunnanensis Dode) grown in Northland, New Zealand","authors":"D. Satchell, John Moore","doi":"10.33494/nzjfs532023x238x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x238x","url":null,"abstract":"Background: While poplar (Populus spp.) is an important source of raw materials for the wood processing sector in many regions of the world, in New Zealand it has a reputation for producing poor grade recoveries of sawn timber that is unsuitable for structural applications. However, the ‘Kawa’ poplar clone (Populus deltoides Marshall x P. yunnanensis Dode), which has relatively high wood density, could yield structural timber. This, along with evidence demonstrating building code compliance, would improve utilisation options for this species in New Zealand.\u0000Methods: Sawn timber conversion and grade recovery were quantified for a 28-year-old pruned stand of ‘Kawa’ poplar grown in Northland, New Zealand. A sample of 90 mm x 45 mm structural boards were tested to determine their mechanical properties and the resulting strength class. Boron preservative retention and penetration were measured to determine whether timber could be treated to the level required under New Zealand’s building standards. Density, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were assessed on small defect-free specimens taken from different radial and vertical positions within trees to determine intra-stem and inter-stem variation in these properties.\u0000Results: The overall conversion of logs to sawn timber was 53%, with approximately 94% of this recovery consisting of graded timber. The most common sources of downgrade were knots, pruning wounds, and end-splits. Approximately 70% of the sawn boards were graded as clears, with smaller recoveries of cladding and structural boards. The average length of clear section was approximately 2.5 m. Mechanical testing of structural boards demonstrated that they have characteristic values sufficient to meet the requirements for the SG10 strength class. Preservative treatment achieved the H1.2 specification. Density, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were all higher in specimens cut from the outside of the log compared with those taken from near the pith at all heights up the stem.\u0000Conclusions: Mechanical properties and boron treatment results indicate suitability for structural applications in accordance with New Zealand’s building code. ‘Kawa’ poplar also produced high grade recoveries suggesting potential for commercial sawn timber production, especially for structural appearance products.","PeriodicalId":19172,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43284454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Field performance of progenies of Pinus radiata selected for resistance to Diplodia-associated shoot dieback 辐射松后代抗Diplodia相关梢枯病的田间表现
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2022-10-25 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs522022x217x
R. Burdon, C. Low
Background: A severe outbreak of Diplodia-associated dieback of Pinus radiata D.Don shoots in 1967 prompted a pilot programme of selection for resistance to dieback. Plus trees were selected in 1970 for absence of dieback, growth and tree form, and seed collected.Methods: Twenty open-pollinated progenies plus two control lots were field-tested on two sites, and assessed around 6.5 years after planting. Alternative measures of shoot dieback were recorded, as were dbhob and scores for growth and form variables. Data were analysed for seedlot differences, heritability estimates and various genetic correlations.Results: Dieback at one site allowed good resolution of progeny differences, whatever the dieback measure. Remarkably, no response to field selection for resistance was evident, unlike in a glasshouse inoculation trial. Nor did progeny rankings correlate with those in the inoculation trial. Between the trial sites no clear seedlot rank changes were evident for any trait.Conclusions: The disparity with results from the inoculation trial is unexplained, although a role of endophyte status is postulated. Together with non-recurrence of past dieback outbreaks, the disparity means that selection for field resistance is not promising.
背景:1967年,辐射松(Pinus radiata D.Don)与Diplodia相关的枯死严重爆发,促使开展了一项抗枯死筛选试验计划。此外,1970年选择了没有枯死、生长和树形的树木,并收集了种子。方法:在两个地点对20个开放授粉后代和两个对照组进行田间试验,并在种植后6.5年左右进行评估。记录了枝条枯死的替代测量,以及生长和形状变量的dbhob和得分。对数据进行了分析,以了解种群差异、遗传力估计和各种遗传相关性。结果:在一个位点的枯死可以很好地解决后代差异,无论枯死是什么衡量标准。值得注意的是,与温室接种试验不同,对田间选择的抗性没有明显的反应。后代排名也与接种试验中的排名无关。在试验地点之间,任何性状都没有明显的种子区等级变化。结论:尽管内生菌状态的作用是假定的,但与接种试验结果的差异是无法解释的。再加上过去的死灰复燃疫情没有复发,这种差异意味着选择田间抗性是没有希望的。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of vegetative mitigation strategies in the restoration of fluvial and fluvio-mass movement gully complexes over 60 years, East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand 60年来,新西兰北岛东海岸地区河流和河流群运动冲沟复合体恢复中植被缓解策略的有效性
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI: 10.33494/nzjfs522022x226x
M. Marden, Antoinette Seymour
Background: Early (1957–1997) remediation strategies, predominantly Pinus radiata D.Don afforestation and indigenous shrubland reversion, proved effective in treating gully erosion in the East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand. However, the expansion of untreated gullies and initiation of new ones necessitated additional investment in land-use change (1997– 2017) to reduce their on- and off-site impacts.Methods: Gullies were digitised from aerial photography flown in ~1957 (before reforestation) and again in 1997. The region was re-flown in 2017, providing an opportunity to assess remediation successes and failures. For hill country areas, gully location and size were recorded by vegetation type, for major catchments, for two contrasting geological terrains, and for land designated in Gisborne District Council’s Combined Regional and District Plan as Land Overlay 3A (LO3A).Results: Between 1997 and 2017, 601 treated gullies fully re-stabilised and 315 new gullies formed. There remain 1864 gullies, comprising 5347 ha. This represents a 13% reduction in numbers and a 31% decrease in area during this 20-year period. Over the longer 60-year period, and across all land uses, 2942 treated gullies successfully stabilised. However, with the initiation of 1446 new gullies there are currently 5347 ha of gully requiring further treatment, with the largest of the affected area equally distributed across pastoral and reforested hill country and primarily located within the Tertiary terrain, Waiapu catchment, and areas designated as LO3A.Conclusions: Although attempts at gully remediation since the early 1960s have resulted in a 45% reduction in gully number, the current area of hill country affected by gullying is only 5% less than 60 years ago. During this period, gully initiation and development have outstripped mandated erosion control targets set by the East Coast Forestry Project (ECFP), for land designated as LO3A, and for the ‘Restoration of the Waiapu Catchment’ by 2020-22. Addressing ongoing on- and off-site impacts of gully erosion will require further significant long-term investment in the prioritisation and completion of these unfulfilled targets. For gullies identified in the National Environmental Standard for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF) as high erosion risk (orange zone) or where the erosion risk is very high (red zone), we recommend: (i) a revision of remediation strategies for the larger and more actively eroding of gullies destined for future afforestation, and (ii) for gullies within exotic production forests, the replanting of species (exotic or indigenous) better suited to providing long-term stabilisation, post-harvest.
背景:早期(1957-1997)的修复策略,主要是辐射松(Pinus radiata d.d . don)造林和原生灌木恢复,在治理新西兰北岛东海岸地区的沟沟侵蚀方面被证明是有效的。然而,未经处理的沟渠的扩大和新沟渠的启动需要对土地利用变化(1997 - 2017)进行额外投资,以减少其对现场和场外的影响。方法:对1957年(造林前)和1997年两次航拍的沟壑进行数字化处理。该地区于2017年重新飞行,为评估修复成功和失败提供了机会。对于丘陵地区,沟壑的位置和大小按植被类型记录,对于主要集水区,两个对比的地质地形,以及在吉斯伯恩区议会的区域和地区综合规划中指定为土地覆盖层3A (LO3A)的土地。结果:1997 - 2017年,601个经处理的沟槽完全恢复稳定,315个新沟槽形成。现存沟壑1864条,面积5347公顷。这意味着在这20年期间,数量减少了13%,面积减少了31%。在60年的时间里,在所有的土地使用中,2942个经处理的沟渠成功地稳定了下来。然而,随着1446个新沟渠的启动,目前有5347公顷的沟渠需要进一步处理,最大的受影响区域平均分布在牧区和重新造林的丘陵地区,主要位于第三系地形、Waiapu集水区和指定为LO3A的地区。结论:尽管自20世纪60年代初以来的沟壑修复尝试使沟壑数量减少了45%,但目前受沟壑影响的丘陵地区面积仅比60年前减少了5%。在此期间,沟谷的形成和发展超过了东海岸林业项目(ECFP)规定的侵蚀控制目标,即指定为LO3A的土地,以及到2020- 2022年“恢复怀亚普集水区”的目标。要解决沟壑侵蚀对现场和场外的持续影响,需要进一步加大长期投资,以确定这些未实现目标的优先顺序并完成这些目标。对于人工林国家环境标准(NES-PF)中确定为高侵蚀风险(橙色区域)或侵蚀风险非常高(红色区域)的沟壑,我们建议:(i)修订修复策略,以应对未来造林所需的更大、更积极的侵蚀沟壑;(ii)对于外来生产森林中的沟壑,重新种植更适合于提供长期稳定的物种(外来或本地),收获后。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
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