Sensitivity and identifiability analysis of a conceptual-lumped model in the headwaters of the Benue River Basin, Cameroon: implications for uncertainty quantification and parameter optimization

Many hydrological applications employ conceptual-lumped models to support water resource management techniques. This study aims to evaluate the workability of applying a daily time-step conceptual-lumped model, HYdrological MODel (HYMOD), to the Headwaters Benue River Basin (HBRB) for future water resource management. This study combines both local and global sensitivity analysis (SA) approaches to focus on which model parameters most influence the model output. It also identifies how well the model parameters are defined in the model structure using six performance criteria to predict model uncertainty and improve model performance. The results showed that both SA approaches gave similar results in terms of sensitive parameters to the model output, which are also well-identified parameters in the model structure. The more precisely the model parameters are constrained in the small range, the smaller the model uncertainties, and therefore the better the model performance. The best simulation with regard to the measured streamflow lies within the narrow band of model uncertainty prediction for the behavioral parameter sets. This highlights that the simulated discharges agree with the observations satisfactorily, indicating the good performance of the hydrological model and the feasibility of using the HYMOD to estimate long time-series of river discharges in the study area.