What non-pharmacological and non-invasive pain management interventions are available for individuals from Turkish-speaking ethnic groups with non-malignant chronic pain? A scoping review of published literature.

Objectives: A scoping review was selected to explore what non-pharmacological and non-invasive pain management interventions are available for individuals from Turkish-speaking ethnic groups with chronic pain and what represents the most appropriate intervention.

Inclusion criteria: Adults with non-malignant chronic pain from Turkish-speaking ethnic groups residing in or outside of Turkey. All non-pharmacological and non-invasive pain management interventions were considered. No limits were placed on geographic location, gender, sex or healthcare setting.

Methods: The MEDLINE database was searched for published literature in April 2022. An English language filter was applied. No limits were placed on study design or date of publication. Data was charted from eligible studies into a data extraction table. Key concepts were identified during data extraction by DN.

Results: Eleven studies were included in the final review. All were conducted within a quantitative research paradigm. The studies were completed in Turkey (7), Belgium (1), Sweden (1) and Switzerland (1). One was a multi-country review. No studies were conducted in the UK. The primary interventions were heterogenous and included: pain science education (2), cognitive behavioural therapy (2), transcranial magnetic stimulation (1), balneotherapy (1), extracorporeal shockwave therapy (1), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (1), wool therapy (1), exercise and patient dialogues (1) and aromatherapy massage and reflexology (1). Location of pain, outcome measures and timings of follow-ups were heterogeneous.

Conclusions: Intervention heterogeneity, exclusively quantitative methodology and absence of studies completed in the UK meant no conclusions could be made on what represents the most appropriate non-pharmacological and non-invasive interventions intervention for individuals from Turkish speaking ethnic groups with non-malignant chronic pain.