Loading rate effect on the pullout capacity of OMNI-Max anchors in clay coupled with multiple factors

As the latest development of gravity installed anchors (GIAs), the OMNI-Max anchor has drawn much attention from worldwide due to its unique behavior in the seabed. The pullout capacity of OMNI-Max anchors is a key index in engineering. However, most of the relevant studies were carried out under a quasi-static condition, which do not actually meet the installation and operation requirements. In practice, the anchor may be subjected to both long-term and short-term sharp loading during mooring. As an important environmental variable, it is essential to evaluate the effect of loading rate on the pullout capacity. Since the bearing capacity of OMNI-Max anchors is affected by many factors, it is also essential to explore systematically the coupling effects of the loading rate and other factors, including the anchor embedment depth, the anchor orientation, the bearing area, the loading angle and the soil strength. Based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) technique, numerous analytical cases are designed and calculated by the large deformation finite element (LDFE) method. The loading rates span four orders of magnitude from the quasi-static velocity to 10 m/s (about one anchor length per second), covering a wider range in pulling out of GIAs. The end-bearing capacity factor changes remarkably with the pullout velocity for OMNI-Max anchors, and the increase can even reach more than twice of that in a quasi-static condition. As a result, a succinct explicit expression is constructed in terms of the loading rate and multiple factors, which can be effectively utilized to calculate the end-bearing capacity factor of OMNI-Max anchors in clay under complex conditions.