Ultrasound monitoring of the regenerative treatment of Biceps Tendonitis and Tenosynovitis in dogs by stem cells injections

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and bluetongue disease (BT) are two of the most devastating viral diseases affecting domestic and wild ruminants. They cause significant economic losses, and vaccination is the most important method for combating both FMD and BT. Simultaneous vaccinations are crucial for animal welfare as well as labor and cost savings. No reports were found on the simultaneous administration of FMD and BT vaccines to sheep. This study evaluated the effect of the simultaneous administration of an inactivated FMD vaccine and an attenuated BT vaccine on the humoral immune response to both diseases. A total of 75 sixmonth- old Akkaraman-Kıvırcık crossbred sheep that did not have any vaccination history were used as research material. Before the experiment, the animals were tested for the absence of FMD and BT antibodies. The sheep were divided into three experimental groups and vaccinated with an FMD vaccine alone, a BT vaccine alone, and both. Blood samples were taken on days 30 and 60 post-vaccination. The blood samples were evaluated using liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) and virus neutralization test (VNT) for FMD antibodies, as well as competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and VNT for BT antibodies. The study revealed that differences between the FMD and BT antibody titers of the group vaccinated simultaneously and the FMD and BT antibody titers obtained from the groups vaccinated separately were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the antibody response these diseases was not altered when the FMD and BT vaccines were administered together.