Engaging whom and for what ends? Australian stakeholders' constructions of public engagement in relation to nanotechnologies

In recent years the language of public engagement has increasingly infused discus- sions about the science-society relationship. This is particularly evident in Australia, the United Kingdom and Europe in relation to nanotechnologies. Thus far, the discourse of public engage- ment has been largely preoccupied with exploring the mechanisms for 'engaging' 'the public', with single stakeholder-driven events dominating initiatives. Many engagement efforts have re - invented the so-called deficit model of public understanding, whereby 'the problem' to be addressed is 'the public's' assumed 'ignorance' or lack of awareness of the science. In comparison, there has been little reflection on the assumptions and conceptual frameworks that guide stake- holders' policies and actions, including constructions of science and citizenship. If one is to address the lack of opportunities for citizen participation in science policymaking, it is essential to question these assumptions and reveal how they guide and limit thinking and action. This article outlines the diverse conceptions of 'the public' and 'public engagement', reflecting the different values, experiences and positioning of Australian stakeholders within the nanotechnology field. The article seeks to contextualise the discourse of public engagement, highlighting the particular set of conditions and concerns that have shaped its language and practices and the attendant gov- ernmental implications. Finally, it concludes by identifying the kinds of strategies that will be required to advance the democratisation of science and technology in the future.