用于核废料场管道结构健康监测的先进光纤和超声波传感器系统

Aparna Aravelli, Michael Thompson, D. McDaniel, Mathew Krutch, M. McNEILLY, K. Imrich, B. Wiersma
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引用次数: 1

摘要

美国和其他国家的核废料场储存、转移和玻璃化核废料。这些场址通常需要输送管道,以输送固体/泥浆、流体(包括化学品)等形式存在的高放射性和低放射性废物。由于这些管道处理有害核废料,因此结构健康监测至关重要。管道受到持续监控,以提高设施周围人员和环境的安全。监测可能包括泄漏、裂纹检测和磨损(以腐蚀或变薄的形式)。目前的研究建立在作者以前对管道和板的侵蚀和热监测传感器的工作基础上[1,2,3]。目前的工作包括a)验证和监测一种新型的先进光纤传感器系统,以检测碳钢管道中的裂缝和泄漏;b)使用超声波(UT)传感器检测由于侵蚀腐蚀而导致的管段变薄。CEL公司开发的光纤传感器[4]用于对自行设计组装的侵蚀管流动回路进行工程规模测试。该回路由2英寸和3英寸的直管和弯管组成,复制了现场的管道。三个光纤传感器被放置在环路周围的关键位置。该设备还包括用于数据采集的通信盒和笔记本设备。该传感器系统结合了光纤和声学技术,可以准确识别管道泄漏或裂缝的位置。传感器捕捉流体/泥浆流经回路引起的压力变化。“区域”定义为任意两个传感器点之间的距离。当任意两个传感器同时检测到泄漏时,可以确定活动发生在距离每个传感器多远的地方,并对事件进行“归零”。许多区域可以连接在一起,以管理大面积的管道。传感器向硬件(询问器)提供瞬时事件数据,询问器可能位于距离实际管道很远的安全、环境保护区域。多个询问器可以连接在一起,同时将实时数据流式传输到命令和控制软件。然后,事件通知可以从客户的控制室进行管理,或者立即“推送”到各种移动设备,以提醒人员了解情况[5]。此外,超声波(UT)传感器用于管道的厚度测量。目的是使用小尺度侵蚀片来测量由于侵蚀腐蚀而导致的管道磨损。这些侵蚀券是由直径半英寸和1英寸高的碳钢制成的。该方法包括将压片插入侵蚀环管段的孔中。这一过程确保了压片与水流接触,从而在一段时间内在一分钟内被侵蚀。在需要的时候,夹片上有一个插入传感器的槽,可以实时测量厚度。在对接头和传感器进行成功测试后,该方法可用于预测腐蚀速率,从而预测管段的剩余使用寿命,而无需不必要地更换管段。因此,本研究采用光纤和UT传感器对碳钢管道进行结构健康监测。这些传感器已得到验证和核实,以便将来可能在核废料场址部署。
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Advanced Fiber Optic and Ultrasonic Sensor Systems for Structural Health Monitoring of Pipes in Nuclear Waste Sites
Nuclear waste sites across the United States and other countries store, transfer and vitrify nuclear waste. These sites often require transfer pipelines for high and low level radioactive wastes in the form of solids/slurries, fluids including chemicals. Since, these pipelines deal with harmful nuclear wastes, structural health monitoring is of utmost importance. Pipelines are continuously monitored to enhance the safety of the people and environment around the facilities. Monitoring may involve leak, crack detection and wear (in the form of corrosion or thinning). Current research builds on author's previous work on sensors for erosion and thermal monitoring in pipes and plates [1, 2, and 3]. Present work involves a) validation and monitoring of a novel advanced Fiber Optic Sensor System to detect cracks and leaks in carbon steel pipes and b) the use of Ultrasonic (UT) sensors to detect thinning in pipe sections due to erosion-corrosion using small coupons. The fiber optic sensors developed by CEL [4], are used in conducting engineering scale testing on an in-house designed and assembled erosion pipe flow loop. The loop consists of 2 and 3 inch straight and elbow sections of carbon steel replicating the pipelines at the sites. Three fiber optic sensors are placed at critical locations around the loop. The equipment also includes a communication box and a laptop device for data acquisition. The sensor system uses a combination of fiber optic and acoustic technologies to accurately identify the location of a pipeline leak or crack. Sensors capture the changes in pressure caused by the fluid/slurry flowing through the loop. A “zone” is defined as the distance between any two sensor points. When any two sensors simultaneously detect a leak, a determination can be made as to how far from each sensor the activity is occurring and “zero in” on the event. A number of zones may be linked together to manage vast expanses of pipeline. Sensors provide instantaneous event data to the hardware (the interrogator), and the interrogator may be located great distances from the actual pipeline in secure, environmentally protected areas. Multiple Interrogators may be linked together that are simultaneously streaming real-time data to the command and control software. Event notifications may then be managed from the customer's control room, or immediately “pushed” to a variety of mobile devices to alert personnel of the situation [5]. Additionally, Ultrasonic (UT) sensors are used for thickness measurements in pipes. The objective is to measure the wear in pipelines due to erosion-corrosion using small scale erosion coupons. These erosion coupons are made of carbon steel with ½ inch in diameter and 1 inch height. The method involves insertion of the coupons into holes drilled in the pipe sections of the erosion loop. This process ensures that the coupons are in contact with the flow stream and hence eroded in a minute scale over a period of time. The coupons have a slot for insertion of the sensors to measure the thickness in real-time when needed. Upon successful testing of the coupon and sensors, the method can be used to predict the erosion rates and hence the remaining useful life of the pipe sections without having to replace them unnecessarily. Hence, the present research conducts structural health monitoring of carbon steel pipes using fiber optic and UT sensors. The sensors have been validated and verified for their potential future deployment in the nuclear waste sites.
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