Developments in Perovskite materials based Solar Cells: In Pursuit of Hysteresis Effect, Stability issues and Lead-Free based perovskite materials

Over the past few years, significant advances in science and technology have occurred in the field of perovskite-based solar cells (PSC), which has sparked significant interest in next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Perovskite solar cells, which have a current certified power conversion efficiency of 25.5 %, are the first solution processed photovoltaic to outperform silicon-based photovoltaic technologies. Perovskite solar cells are comparable to Silicon-based solar cells due to their low-cost fabrication techniques and high efficiency. Nevertheless, the research community is still concerning about future design optimization, series degradation issues, stability, and practical efficiency restrictions. As a result, comprehensive knowledge of the perovskite solar cell's operating mechanism and operating principles is more important than ever before applying these technologies in the real world for future optimization. Recent research findings in the material science of innovative halide perovskites, as well as numerous architectures based on alternative materials for lead-free perovskites, band-gap engineering, impact of materials on various electron transport layers (ETL) and hole transport layers (HTL), the device instability and J-V hysteresis issues of perovskite solar cells are the focus of this study. In order to better understand the potential of perovskite solar cell, factors such as hysteresis-inducing factors, interface engineering, device stability, and a variety of recombination processes are being investigated. For future optimization of perovskite solar cells, the following review findings provide a clear focus for current research needs and future research directions to address issues and understand the working potential of the perovskite solar cell.