章鱼意识:知觉丰富性的作用

IF 1.6 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY NeuroSci Pub Date : 2021-08-12 DOI:10.3390/neurosci2030020
J. Mather
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引用次数: 11

摘要

即使是推进意识的可能维度也总是很困难,但Birch等人,2020已经提出了四个可能的维度,本文讨论了第一个维度,即与章鱼有关的感知丰富性。它们将敏锐度、带宽和分类能力作为可能的组件。首先必须认识到,感官丰富性不会自动导致感知丰富性,而且这种能力可能无法通过意识获得。章鱼不能分辨光的波长频率(颜色),但可以分辨它的偏振面,这是一个我们不了解的维度。他们的眼睛侧向地长在头上,导致单眼视觉和头部运动,这可能是有意识地计划的,可以连续而不是同时看到物品。手臂丰富的感觉运动系统的控制细节,包括神经系统中3/5的神经元,通常不可能进入大脑,从而进入意识。基于色素体的皮肤外观系统可能是开环的,对章鱼的视觉是不可用的。相反,在对章鱼来说不是生态有效的实验室环境中,学习视觉图形的形状和范围是广泛而灵活的,可能是有意识的计划。同样,章鱼在空间中的局部位置和周围的导航也可以通过光偏振面和视觉地标位置来引导,并被学习和监控。由水和表面传递的一系列复杂的化学线索并不完全符合上述成分,而且几乎没有经过测试,但很容易被描述为感知丰富。章鱼的好奇心和探索和获取更多信息的动力可能意味着,除了任何刺激情况的丰富性外,它们还会有意识地寻求更多信息。这篇综述表明,头足类动物可能没有与“高等”脊椎动物相似的智力类型,它们可能没有类似的意识维度或内容,但这种能力仍然存在。
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Octopus Consciousness: The Role of Perceptual Richness
It is always difficult to even advance possible dimensions of consciousness, but Birch et al., 2020 have suggested four possible dimensions and this review discusses the first, perceptual richness, with relation to octopuses. They advance acuity, bandwidth, and categorization power as possible components. It is first necessary to realize that sensory richness does not automatically lead to perceptual richness and this capacity may not be accessed by consciousness. Octopuses do not discriminate light wavelength frequency (color) but rather its plane of polarization, a dimension that we do not understand. Their eyes are laterally placed on the head, leading to monocular vision and head movements that give a sequential rather than simultaneous view of items, possibly consciously planned. Details of control of the rich sensorimotor system of the arms, with 3/5 of the neurons of the nervous system, may normally not be accessed to the brain and thus to consciousness. The chromatophore-based skin appearance system is likely open loop, and not available to the octopus’ vision. Conversely, in a laboratory situation that is not ecologically valid for the octopus, learning about shapes and extents of visual figures was extensive and flexible, likely consciously planned. Similarly, octopuses’ local place in and navigation around space can be guided by light polarization plane and visual landmark location and is learned and monitored. The complex array of chemical cues delivered by water and on surfaces does not fit neatly into the components above and has barely been tested but might easily be described as perceptually rich. The octopus’ curiosity and drive to investigate and gain more information may mean that, apart from richness of any stimulus situation, they are consciously driven to seek out more information. This review suggests that cephalopods may not have a similar type of intelligence as the ‘higher’ vertebrates, they may not have similar dimensions or contents of consciousness, but that such a capacity is present nevertheless.
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