剪切流作用下细胞应力和变形的探索

X. Guo, E. Takai, Kai Liu, Xiaodong Wang
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引用次数: 3

摘要

骨细胞(成骨细胞和/或骨细胞)对机械负荷的生物反应是骨适应机械负荷的机械信号转导机制的重要基础科学课题。这一信号转导机制的表征对于理解与年龄相关的骨质流失的病因、太空飞行期间的骨质流失以及全关节置换术中植入物的最佳设计至关重要。据推测,变形产生的流体剪切应力是骨细胞响应的主要机械刺激之一。许多体外实验利用平行板流室通过施加流体剪切应力培养成骨细胞。例如,细胞内Ca++水平和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)磷酸化的变化已被量化,以响应施加的剪切流[1,2]。在这些研究中,流室壁面处的流动剪切应力τ wall = 6 μ Q wh 2,其中Q为体积流量,w和h分别为流室宽度和高度,μ为介质粘度。然而,这种壁剪切应力可能并不表明骨细胞所经历的实际应力状态,这取决于流细胞相互作用的细节,包括细胞的机械性能、细胞与壁的附着条件以及细胞密度。为了获得骨细胞对施加剪切流的生物反应之间的定量关系,有必要在典型的剪切流实验中详细量化流-细胞相互作用。本研究的目的是量化在剪切流作用下的单元内的剪切应力,结合使用有限元技术的完全耦合流动和固体变形分析。具体来说,我们研究了单元的弹性模量和单元之间的间距对单元内剪切应力的影响。
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An Exploration of Cell Stress and Deformation Under Shear Flow
The biological response of bone cells (osteoblasts and/or osteocytes) to mechanical loading is an important basic science topic in the mechanism of mechano-signal transduction in bone adaptation to mechanical loading. The characterization of this mechanism of signal transduction is crucial in the understanding of the etiology of age-related bone loss, bone loss during space flight and the optimal design of implants for total joint replacements. It has been hypothesized that deformation-generated fluid shear stress is one of the major mechanical stimuli that bone cells respond to. Many in vitro experiments utilize a parallel-plate flow chamber by imposing fluid shear stress on cultured osteoblasts. For example, changes in intracellular Ca++ levels and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation has been quantified in response to applied shear flow [1,2]. In these studies, the flow shear stress at the wall of the flow chamber τ wall = 6 μ Q w h 2 , where Q is the volumetric flow rate, w and h are the width and height of the flow chamber, respectively, and μ is the media viscosity. However, this wall shear stress may not indicate the actual stress state which bone cells experience, which depends on the details of the flow-cell interaction, including the mechanical properties of the cell, the attachment condition of the cell to the wall as well as the cell density. In order to obtain a quantitative relationship between the biological response of bone cells to applied shear flow, it is necessary to quantify in detail the flow-cell interaction in a typical shear flow experiment. The objective of this study was to quantify the shear stress within the cell under applied shear flow, incorporating fully coupled flow and solid deformation analyses using the finite element technique. Specifically, we examined the influence of the elastic modulus of the cell and the spacing distance between cells on the shear stress within the cell.
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