米哈伊尔·卡特科夫出版的俄罗斯酒精生产和滥用问题

V. Stepanov
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引用次数: 0

摘要

这篇文章致力于研究俄罗斯保守主义最大的理论家M. N. Katkov对酒精生产和滥用问题的看法演变,他是《莫斯科经济报》和《俄罗斯经济》杂志的编辑和出版人。它分析了著名的公关人员及其同事在这些出版物的页面上发表的演讲,这些演讲旨在改变自1863年以来生效的消费税制度,以限制过度消费烈性酒精饮料并克服其严重的社会后果。促使这位19世纪80年代初著名的公关家发起葡萄酒专卖运动的原因可以解释为:1873-1878年世界经济危机导致自由主义经济学说在西方的受欢迎程度下降;在农业停滞的影响下,欧洲国家兴起了将饮酒贸易转移到国库的运动;国家对俄罗斯经济生活干预的扩大这篇文章指出了Katkov支持垄断的论点,在他看来,垄断必须允许对酿酒厂进行监管,结束猖獗的酗酒,根除饮料行业的酗酒和腐败。特别值得注意的是,Katkov认为这项改革是他在俄罗斯创建“国民”经济计划的要点之一,通过高关税壁垒保护免受西方的影响,并假设国家在国民经济发展中的多边参与,这些态度在很大程度上与俄罗斯倒数第二位沙皇亚历山大三世统治时期政府的保护主义路线相对应。
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The Issues of Alcohol Production and Abuse in Russia in Mikhail Katkov's Publications
The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of views on the issues of alcohol production and abuse by the largest ideologue of Russian conservatism M. N. Katkov – editor-publisher of the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” and the magazine “Russkii Vestnik”. It analyses the speeches of the famous publicist and his associates on the pages of these publications aimed at alterations in the excise system, in force since 1863, in order to limit the excessive consumption of strong alcoholic beverages and overcome its severe social consequences. The reasons that prompted the famous publicist in the early 1880s to launch a campaign for the introduction of a wine monopoly are explained: the decline of the popularity of the liberal economic doctrine in the West as a result of the world economic crisis of 1873–1878; the rise of the movement in European countries for the transfer of the drinking trade to the treasury under the influence of stagnation in agriculture; the expansion of state intervention in economic life in Russia. The article points out the arguments given by Katkov in favor of a monopoly, which, in his opinion, had to allow regulating the distillery industry, ending rampant drunkenness, eradicating drunkenness and corruption in the beverage business. It is particularly noted that Katkov considered this reform one of the main points of his program for creating a “national” economy in Russia, protected from the West by high customs barriers and assuming multilateral participation of the state in the development of the national economy, and these attitudes largely corresponded to the protectionist course of the government in the reign of the penultimate Russian tsar, Alexander III.
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