“Thiophene”: A Sulphur Containing Heterocycle As A Privileged Scaffold

In the rapidly expanding chemical realm of heterocyclic compounds with interesting therapeutic properties, the thiophene nucleus has established itself as a prospective entity. The biological activity of comparable substances produced via different pathways is of varying magnitudes. Medicinal chemists use their understanding of multiple synthetic pathways and the various physicochemical properties of such compounds to create a combinatorial library and conduct thorough searches for lead molecules. Due to their vast spectrum of biological actions, heterocyclic compounds play a crucial role in Medicinal chemistry and are extensively researched in the field of drug design and development. Thiophene, a sulfur-containing heterocyclic scaffold, has emerged as a rather well-explored scaffold for the synthesis of a library of molecules with biological functions, including antibacterial, antipsychotic, anticancer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, and so on. Depending on the kind and position of substitution, thiophene analogues have been shown to bind to a wide spectrum of cancer-specific protein targets. As a result, thiophene analogues have been found to exert their biological effects by inhibiting various cancer-related signalling pathways. The study of thiophene in Medicinal chemistry resulted in molecules that combine the thiophene moiety with traditional drug components in a single molecule. This review covers the biological and medical activity of compounds containing a thiophene nucleus, as well as information on thiophene behaviour, synthesis, and agents, with a focus on synthetic techniques, biological profiles, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) research.