来自俄罗斯国家图书馆的德国古那布拉草药:走向大众文学

IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI:10.17223/23062061/26/4
C. Squires
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引用次数: 0

摘要

早期印刷的草药在15世纪的书籍制作中占有特殊的地位,因为它们既受到包括医学科学家和药剂师在内的学者的欢迎,也受到普通读者的欢迎。印刷术的发明使草药书的大量生产成为可能,人们对这种现象的普遍反应是以手写的边注形式留下文本和语言证据。本研究以彼得·舍弗(Peter Schoeffer)于1484年和1485年在美因茨印刷的六本附注草药为研究对象,对附注的主题、语言和功能进行了比较。其中五本来自俄罗斯国家(前列宁)图书馆的珍本部,第六本来自莫斯科大学图书馆,以便更好地进行比较。分析表明,在不同的社会地位、兴趣、背景、时间和地域上,边注的类型有显著的差异。拉丁文或希腊文的边注是从主题(内容)和年代(年代)特征的角度来考虑的。作为许多世纪自然科学的结果,草药是当时包括医学科学家和药剂师在内的学术界专业知识的重要来源。从主题、语言和古生物学的角度来看,这种类型的旁注可以归因于专业人士或自然科学专业的学生。事实上,远远晚于古古布拉时代的笔记只能由读者的学术兴趣来解释(一些笔记的日期在1700年之后)。用德语写的旁注,从笔迹判断,可以追溯到1500年左右,反映了普通医生甚至是外行读者的工作,他们用草药来解决日常生活中的实际问题。这些德语的边注是德语历史的一个重要来源,因为除了印刷文本中使用的名称外,它们还包含植物的同义名称。对它们的形式、方言和分布的分析证明,它们在语义领域提供了宝贵的词汇材料(地区名称),这些材料通常很少在中世纪文学文本中记录。这些描述,这是地区或方言的指示,表明一个明显的德国南部起源的作者。
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German Incunabula Herbals from the Russian State Library: Towards Popular Literature
Early printed herbals have a special place in the 15th-century book production as they were popular both with academics, including medical scientists and pharmacists, and with the common reader. The popular response to the mass production of herbal books made possible by the invention of printing left textual and linguistic evidence in the form of handwritten marginal notes. In the present study, six copies of illustrated herbals printed in Mainz by Peter Schoeffer in 1484 and 1485 are compared as to the subject, language and function of the marginal notes found in them. Five of these books are from the Rare Books Department of the Russian State (former Lenin) Library, the sixth copy from the Moscow University Library is used to enable better comparison. The analysis has shown that the types of marginal notes vary significantly depending on the owners’ social status, interest, background, and on the time and region. Marginal notes in Latin or Greek are considered from the point of view of their thematic (content) and chronological (dating) characteristics. As the result of many centuries of natural science, herbals were an important source of professional knowledge for academics, including medical scientists and pharmacists, of the time. Thematically, linguistically and paleographically, marginal notes of this type can be ascribed to professionals or students of natural sciences. Notes made considerably later than the incunabula era can in fact only be explained by an academic interest on the part of the reader (some notes date after 1700). Marginal notes made in German and, judging by the handwriting, dating closer to 1500 reflect work of common medical practitioners or even of lay readers, who used their herbals to cope with practical problems of their everyday life. These German marginal notes are of high interest as a source for German language history, as they contain synonymous names of plants, additional to those used in the printed text. The analysis of their form, dialect, and distribution proves that they offer valuable lexical material (regional names) in the semantic field usually scarcely documented in medieval literary texts. Those descriptions, which are indicative of region or dialect, show a distinct Southern German origin of their authors.
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Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing
Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
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