反思第聂伯河战役

Emir Yener
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引用次数: 0

摘要

第聂伯河战役发生于1787年秋至1788年底,是地中海东部近代史上最具决定性的海上对抗之一。奥斯曼帝国和俄罗斯帝国海军之间的这场战役与两次主要的围城行动一起进行,决定了土耳其控制第聂伯河口的关键堡垒Özi (Ochakov)的命运。这场战役是俄罗斯女皇叶卡捷琳娜二世与奥斯曼帝国的第二次战争的一部分,这场对抗由波尔特发起,是对叶卡捷琳娜二世挑衅性的“希腊计划”的回应,目的是解放1783年被俄罗斯通过武力吞并的克里米亚汗国。对奥斯曼方面来说,决定性的行动是攻占并削弱了俄罗斯的金伯恩要塞,金伯恩要塞封锁了通往克里米亚内陆的通道。由于俄军和土耳其军都在离补给线最远的地方作战,获得海军支援和优势是至关重要的。意识到海上力量的作用,奥斯曼人准备了自1684-1718年莫兰战争以来最强大的海上舰队,人数远远超过了他们的对手——新生的俄罗斯黑海舰队。漫长的利曼战役导致了俄土战争中最具破坏性和代价最大的奥斯曼海军失败。俄国在1770年的切斯马战役中大肆宣传,但实际上是徒有其表的胜利,与利曼战役的战略成果相比,显得微不足道。这一事件也为重新评估地中海航海时代提供了一个完美的案例研究。
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Reconsidering the Campaign of Dnieper Liman
The naval campaign of the Dnieper Liman, fought from the autumn of 1787 to the end of 1788, was one of the most decisive maritime confrontations in the modern history of the Eastern Mediterranean. Fought in conjunction with two major siege operations, the campaign between the naval forces of the Ottoman and Russian empires decided the fate of the key Turkish fortress of Özi (Ochakov), which controlled the mouth of the Dnieper. The campaign was part of the Russian empress Catherine II’s second war with the Ottomans, a confrontation initiated by the Porte in response to Catherine II’s provocative “Greek Project” and fought with the aim of liberating the Crimean Khanate, annexed by Russia through force of arms in 1783. For the Ottoman side, the decisive operation was the storming and reduction of the Russian fortress of Kinburn, which blocked access to the Crimean interior. Since both Russians and Turks were fighting at the furthest point from their supply lines, gaining naval support and superiority was of paramount importance. Conscious of the role of sea power, Ottomans had prepared the greatest armada they ever put to the seas since the Morean Wars of 1684–1718, greatly outnumbering their adversary, the nascent Russian Black Sea Fleet. The protracted campaign of Liman resulted in the most shattering and costly Ottoman naval defeat of the Russo-Turkish Wars. Russia’s much trumpeted but in reality barren victory at Chesma in 1770 pales in comparison regarding the strategic results of the Liman campaign. The incident also serves as a perfect case study to reassess the Age of Sail in the Mediterranean.
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