Stigmata and the Process of Stigmatization: Coping Strategies and Approaches to Intervention for Destigmatization

The concept of ‘stigma’ was introduced into the social sciences by sociologist Erving Goffman in his classic monograph “Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity” (1963). Goffman identified various forms of stigmata, both visible and invisible (“hidden”), examined the process of stigmatization in everyday social interactions, and analyzed the consequences of stigmatization on the identity of individuals. Stigmatization describes the process through which actual or potential negative characteristics are ascribed to a person and thus this person is assigned to certain social groups. At the same time, stigmatization involves the association to the person concerned of the prejudices and stereotypes connected to the assigned devaluating characteristic, as well as an underlying, context-dependent process of differentiation, control and discrimination. Stigmatized individuals and groups experience multiple forms of discrimination and are going through different crises. This paper addresses the stigmatization process, the varied types of stigmata, and the coping strategies most commonly used by those who are stigmatized. The paper also highlights the most important approaches and types of intervention that can be used to combat stigmatization and promote destigmatization.