布列斯特-里托夫斯克和平:原因、协议和后果

Ž. Spalević, Dušan Jerotijević
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After the attack of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy on Serbia in July 1918, Imperial Russia immediately sided with the Kingdom of Serbia and entered the war, which it led on a front spanning thousands of kilometres from the Baltic to the Caucasus against the armies of all the Central Powers. After three years of gruelling war and the February Revolution, the chain of command and morale of the army collapsed after the February Revolution. An unsuccessful military campaign against the German army by the Kerensky government in the summer of 1917 led to complete chaos in the country, which led to the October Revolution and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Lenin believed that capitulation was a necessity in the absence of another option. The main idea of the Soviet authorities was to show that the success of the socialist revolution was possible. Therefore, the Bolsheviks believed that the October Revolution was a prelude to a world revolution that would start with a domino effect from the heart of Europe, and that it would undo the negative consequences of signing the Brest-Litovsk Peace Agreement. The agreement was concluded on March 3, 1918 in Brest Litovsk. By signing Brest-Litovsk agreement, which was made under unexpectedly humiliating conditions, Russia renounced all rights and claims to Poland and parts of Belarus, then to Finland, Estonia, Courland (the western part of Latvia), Livonia, and Lithuania. At the request of Talat Pasha, the Russians had to hand over parts of Transcaucasia (Ardahan, Kars, and Batum), which Russia won in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878, to Turkey. German and Austro-Hungarian military troops also occupied a part of Russian territory across the border stipulated by this peace treaty up to the line: Narva-Pskov-Polock-Orsha-Gomel-BelgorodMilerovo-Rostov on Don. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

20世纪初,大国在国际关系中相互对立的利益越来越清晰。两个联盟(同盟国和协约国)建立了,它们以某种方式根据最低限度的共同利益将某些国家联系在一起。这主要是指协约国集团,因为协约国集团的三个主要大国(法国、俄罗斯和英国)在一些重要问题上的立场存在冲突(例如,博斯普鲁斯海峡和达达尼尔海峡的控制问题,以及土耳其在巴尔干地区的生存问题,以及土耳其作为一个地区大国的总体问题)。1918年7月奥匈帝国对塞尔维亚发动进攻后,俄罗斯帝国立即站在塞尔维亚王国一边参战,在从波罗的海到高加索绵延数千公里的战线上与所有同盟国军队作战。经过三年艰苦的战争和二月革命,军队的指挥系统和士气在二月革命后崩溃了。1917年夏天,克伦斯基政府对德国军队的一次不成功的军事行动导致了该国的彻底混乱,这导致了十月革命和布尔什维克夺取政权。列宁认为,在没有其他选择的情况下,投降是必要的。苏联当局的主要想法是表明社会主义革命的成功是可能的。因此,布尔什维克认为,十月革命是一场世界革命的前奏,这场革命将以多米诺骨牌效应从欧洲中心开始,并将消除签署布列斯特-里托夫斯克和平协议的负面影响。该协议于1918年3月3日在布列斯特里托夫斯克签订。通过签署布列斯特-里托夫斯克协议,俄罗斯放弃了对波兰和白俄罗斯部分地区的所有权利和要求,然后是芬兰、爱沙尼亚、库尔兰(拉脱维亚西部)、利沃尼亚和立陶宛。在塔拉特帕夏的要求下,俄国人不得不将在1877-1878年俄土战争中赢得的外高加索部分地区(阿尔达汉、卡尔斯和巴图姆)移交给土耳其。德国和奥匈军队还占领了和平条约规定的边界上的一部分俄罗斯领土,直到纳尔瓦-普斯科夫-波洛克-奥尔沙-戈梅尔-别尔戈罗德-米列罗沃-罗斯托夫河。《布列斯列托夫斯克协定》关闭了一条巨大的战线,使德国得以深入俄罗斯内陆。俄罗斯失去了78万平方公里的大片领土,战前有5600万人居住在这里,占俄罗斯人口的三分之一,也是俄罗斯最重要的矿业和工业资源所在地。最后,1918年8月27日,俄国方面在柏林签订了《战争赔款协定》,规定俄国向德国支付60亿马克的赔款。对布尔什维克来说幸运的是布列斯列托夫斯克协议只持续了八个月1918年11月,德国不得不放弃协议,因为这是停战的一个非常重要的条件。根据《Comienne停战协定》和《Versailles条约》(第116条),布列斯特-里托夫斯克协定被废除,这为苏联的形成打开了大门,苏联是通过1918年至1922年的血腥内战在俄罗斯帝国的基础上建立的。1922年4月16日,德国和苏联签署了《拉帕拉和约》,在《布列斯列托夫斯克协定》之后,双方放弃了对对方的领土和财政要求。根据这项协议,两国政府同意实现外交关系正常化。
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The peace of Brest-Litovsk: Causes, agreement, and consequences
At the beginning of the 20th century, the opposing interests of the great powers were more and more clearly outlined in international relations. Two alliances were created (the Central Powers and the Entente) which in some way connected certain countries according to a minimum of common interest. This primarily refers to the Entente bloc, because the three leading powers in it (France, Russia and the United Kingdom) had conflicting positions on some important issues (for example, the issue of control of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, as well as the issue of Turkey's survival in the Balkans, as well as Turkey as a regional power in general). After the attack of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy on Serbia in July 1918, Imperial Russia immediately sided with the Kingdom of Serbia and entered the war, which it led on a front spanning thousands of kilometres from the Baltic to the Caucasus against the armies of all the Central Powers. After three years of gruelling war and the February Revolution, the chain of command and morale of the army collapsed after the February Revolution. An unsuccessful military campaign against the German army by the Kerensky government in the summer of 1917 led to complete chaos in the country, which led to the October Revolution and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Lenin believed that capitulation was a necessity in the absence of another option. The main idea of the Soviet authorities was to show that the success of the socialist revolution was possible. Therefore, the Bolsheviks believed that the October Revolution was a prelude to a world revolution that would start with a domino effect from the heart of Europe, and that it would undo the negative consequences of signing the Brest-Litovsk Peace Agreement. The agreement was concluded on March 3, 1918 in Brest Litovsk. By signing Brest-Litovsk agreement, which was made under unexpectedly humiliating conditions, Russia renounced all rights and claims to Poland and parts of Belarus, then to Finland, Estonia, Courland (the western part of Latvia), Livonia, and Lithuania. At the request of Talat Pasha, the Russians had to hand over parts of Transcaucasia (Ardahan, Kars, and Batum), which Russia won in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878, to Turkey. German and Austro-Hungarian military troops also occupied a part of Russian territory across the border stipulated by this peace treaty up to the line: Narva-Pskov-Polock-Orsha-Gomel-BelgorodMilerovo-Rostov on Don. The Brestlitovsk Agreement closed a large front and enabled German penetration deep into the interior of Russia. Russia lost a huge territory of 780,000 square kilometres where 56 million people lived before the war, i.e., a third of its population and where the country's most important mining and industrial resources were located. Finally, on August 27, 1918, in Berlin, the Russian side signed the War Reparations Agreement, which stipulated that Russia pay six billion marks in compensation to Germany. Fortunately for the Bolsheviks, the Brestlitovsk Agreement lasted only eight months. In November 1918, Germany had to renounce the agreement, because that renunciation represented one of the very important conditions for the armistice. Based on the Armistice of Comienne and the Treaty of Versailles (Article 116), the Brest-Litovsk Agreement was annulled, which opened the door to the formation of the Soviet Union, which was created on the foundations of Imperial Russia through the bloody civil war that lasted from 1918 to 1922. Germany and the USSR, by signing the Peace of Rapala on April 16, 1922, renounced their territorial and financial claims to each other, after the Brestlitovsk Agreement. With this agreement, the two governments agreed on the normalization of their diplomatic relations.
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