草原干旱条件下不均匀年龄冬小麦植株的水分消耗

O. Romanenko, I. Kushch, A. Agafonova, Yu. O. Tenyukh, M. Solodushko, N. N. Usova
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引用次数: 0

摘要

结果表明,近30年来,草原南部热液指标发生了显著变化。1963/64-1989/90生长期年均气温9.6°С, 1990/91-2019/20生长期年均气温11.3°C。1957/58 ~ 1989/90年平均年降水量456.1 mm, 1990/91 ~ 2019/20年平均年降水量4000.5 mm。因此,近30年来气候干旱的增加是明显的:年平均降水量减少了55.6毫米,年平均气温上升了1.7°C。在1990/91-2019/20生长季,科学研究发现,草原区小麦生长季黑色休耕后的耗水量降至2536-2811 m3/ha。9月25日播种时作物耗水效率最高(背景N40P40K40,种子率- 450万粒/ha),总耗水量2605 m3/ha,耗水系数- 428 m3/t,籽粒产量- 6.08 t/ha。28年的资料表明,黑色休耕0 ~ 10 cm土层的有效水分储量为10.2 mm,是土壤水分有效性最稳定的前兆,几乎可以保证冬小麦幼苗的年产量。结果表明,冬小麦植株在生育期耗水不均匀,秋季耗水占总耗水的8.0% ~ 19.2%,春季恢复生育期茎伸长开始耗水28.3% ~ 30.9%,茎伸长开始抽穗22.1 ~ 24.2%,抽穗完全成熟30.0% ~ 36.9%。根据研究结果,提出了通过增加土壤对秋冬降水的吸收、改善土壤的农业物理性质及其透水性、引进旱生结构更明显的品种、提高对草原带干旱条件的适应水平和抵抗非生物胁迫因子等措施,最大限度地减少气候干旱进一步加剧的负面影响。关键词:前人,播期,土壤生产水分储备,耗水量,产量,冬小麦,耗水量系数。
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Water consumption by uneven-aged winter wheat plants in arid conditions of the Steppe
It was established that there are significant changes in hydrothermal indicators over the past thirty years in the south of the Steppe. During the growing seasons of 1963/64–1989/90, the average annual air temperature was 9.6 °С, in 1990/91–2019/20 – 11.3 °C. Average annual precipitation in 1957/58–1989/90 was 456.1 mm, 1990/91–2019/20 – 400.5 mm. Thus, the increase in climate aridity over the last thirty years is obvious: the average annual precipitation has decreased by 55.6 mm, and the average annual air temperature has increased by 1.7 °C. During the growing seasons of 1990/91–2019/20, scientific research found that water consumption by wheat plants after black fallow during the growing season decreased to 2536–2811 m3/ha in the Steppe zone. Moisture was most efficiently consumed by crops at sowing on September 25 (background N40P40K40, seed rate – 4.5 million germinable seeds/ha): total water consumption was 2605 m3/ha, water consumption coefficient – 428 m3/t, grain yield – 6,08 t/ha. According to 28-year-old data, it was found that the available moisture reserves in the 0-10 cm soil layer on black fallow, as the most stable predecessor on water availability of soil, equaled 10.2 mm and ensured almost annual obtainment of full winter wheat seedlings. It was found that the winter wheat plants did not evenly consume moisture during the growing season: in the autumn period – 8.0–19.2 % of the total water consumption, resumption of spring growing season – beginning of stem elongation – 28.3–30.9 %, stem elongation – beginning of heading – 22.1–24.2 %, heading – full ripeness – 30.0–36.9 %. According to the research results, it was proposed the measures to minimize the negative impact of further climate aridity increase by an increase in the autumn-winter precipitation absorption by soil, an improvement of the agrophysical soil properties and its water permeability, the introduction of varieties with a more pronounced xeromorphic structure and an increased level of adaptation to arid conditions of the Steppe zone and resistance to abiotic stress factors. Key words: predecessors, sowing dates, productive moisture reserves in the soil, water consumption, yield, winter wheat, water consumption coefficient.
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