Evidence-based nutritional patterns for type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common carbohydrate metabolism disorders worldwide. Despite individual predisposition to T2DM due to non-modifiable risk factors (ethnicity and family history/genetic predisposition), epidemiological evidence suggests that many cases of T2DM can be prevented by modifying underlying risk factors (obesity, low physical activity, unhealthy diet). In a state of overnutrition leading to hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation, pancreatic β-cells are exposed to toxic effects, and conditions of inflammation and metabolic/oxidative stress result in obesity, insulin resistance, and the development of T2DM. The global impact of T2DM on the health care system requires early detection of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and preventive measures including lifestyle changes and dietary recommendations. This review considers the effect of different patterns (models) of nutritional intervention as an effective, safe, and low-cost method for the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Key words: therapeutic nutrition, nutritional patterns, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nutritional intervention