出版产业转型的特征

IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI:10.17223/23062061/26/7
V. V. Kharitonov
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引用次数: 1

摘要

在现代图书工业的技术史上,有三个阶段是可扩展和大规模生产书籍的阶段。主要关注的是数字图书的历史,它的开始与数字图书生产的开始没有多大关系,而是与数字发行的出现有关。在技术方面,这意味着为数字图书制定通用的行业标准,建立基于互联网的分销基础设施,并为大众消费者获得宽带接入。同样重要的是伴随技术变革而来的文化变迁。在互联网普及之前,图书的数字化本身并没有对行业产生重大影响,因为数字图书的存在范围仅限于少数合格的用户。21世纪头20年,“注意力经济”的规律开始生效,内容对用户时间的竞争机制被激活,一切都改变了。一方面,电子书变得越来越容易获取;另一方面,花在读书上的时间正在减少。计算机技术和因特网的发展除了消除了获取内容的障碍外,还消除了内容出版的大量障碍。值得注意的是,在开放出版的背景下,出版过滤器在法律上也不再起作用,它的消失尤其导致了同人小说文学的出现和快速增长,而同人小说文学处于版权的“灰色”地带。当然,互联网的普及不仅带来了问题,也给出版商带来了机会,尤其是通过改变与读者的交流方式。互联网不仅使与读者和读者社区的直接交流成为可能,而且使对读者的要求,包括那些有强有力的经济激励支持的要求,作出更有效的迅速回应成为可能。在技术转型的第三阶段,图书行业正在发生的变化对不同国家的出版商产生了非常不同的影响,这取决于市场发展程度、互联网普及率和读者的数字内容习惯。主要的一点是,这些变化在不同类型的图书出版中以非常不同的方式发生。显然,“书”,不管它的定义是什么,都只是一种方便的集合形式,用于完全不同的文本,以不同的方式物化或体现在数字形式中。同时,文本的功能目的和读者对待它的方式决定了与某些类型出版物相对应的产业利基将沿着哪个方向发展。
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Features of the Publishing Industry Transformation
There are three stages in the technological history of the modern book industry as a scalable and mass production of books. The main attention is paid to the history of digital books, the beginning of which is associated not so much with the beginning of digital book production, but with the advent of digital distribution. On the technical side, this meant developing common industry standards for the digital book, building a distribution infrastructure based on the Internet, and gaining broadband access to it for the mass consumer. Equally significant were the cultural shifts that accompanied or resulted from this technical transformation. The digitalization of the book itself did not have a significant impact on the industry before the ubiquity of the Internet, since the sphere of existence of digital books was limited to a small number of qualified users. Everything changed in the first two decades of the 21st century, when the laws of the “attention economy” came into force and the mechanism of competition for the user’s time by content was activated. A digital book, on the one hand, is becoming more accessible; on the other hand, the time spent on reading books is being reduced. The development of computer technologies and the Internet, in addition to removing the barrier to access to content, removes a significant number of barriers to content publication. It is important to note that the publishing filter in the context of open publication also ceases to work in legal terms, and its disappearance led, in particular, to the emergence and rapid growth of fan fiction literature, which is in the “gray” zone of copyright. The spread of the Internet, of course, creates not only problems, but also opportunities for publishers, in particular, by changing communication with readers. The Internet has made possible not only direct communication with the reader and reader communities, but also a much more effective prompt response to readers’ requests, including those supported by compelling economic incentives. The changes that are taking place in the book industry at the third stage of technological transformation have a very heterogeneous effect on publishers in different countries, depending on the degree of market development, Internet penetration, and readers’ digital content habits. The main point is that these changes take place in very different ways in different types of book publishing. Obviously, “book”, whatever its definition one gives, is just a convenient collective format for completely different texts, materialized or embodied in digital form in different ways. At the same time, the functional purpose of the text and the way the reader treats it determine the trajectory along which the industrial niche corresponding to certain types of publications will develop, in which direction it will evolve.
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Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing
Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie-Text Book Publishing HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
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