近代早期《修道院图书馆目录》所反映的俄罗斯古籍的技术特点

D. Tsypkin, E. Simonova, M. Shibaev
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文分析了15世纪末至17世纪俄罗斯四大修道院的清单:别洛泽斯克的圣西里尔修道院、索洛维茨基修道院、约瑟夫-沃洛科兰斯克修道院和圣三一-圣谢尔盖修道院。这些清单列出了修道院保管的财产。修道院图书馆的目录包含了有关旧罗斯簿记制度和书目发展的宝贵信息。它们也为书籍的归属提供了一些线索,有助于重建近代早期图书制作技术的概念。这些书籍描述中的技术注释是根据目录编纂者创建的系统进行组织的:格式,装订,艺术价值,写作类型和技巧,页面组成,写作材料,保存状态。论文表明,创建这些清单的主要目标是挑出最重要的元素来识别这本书。然而,对这些元素的描述并不统一。注意力主要集中在一本书的外部归属上。从16世纪下半叶开始,草书和所谓的metnoe pismo(一种常见的经文)已经被认为不同于标准的书籍写作,必须在书籍目录中加以区分和注明。这些清单反映了图书的特征,这些特征对图书馆员来说很重要,从而形成了古俄罗斯图书人职业心理中的某些语义结构。对于现代学者来说,它们可以作为跟踪近代早期图书技术发展进程的标志。
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Technological Peculiarities of Old Russian Books as Reflected in Early Modern Inventories of Monastic Libraries
The paper analyzes inventories of the late 15th–17th centuries from four major Russian monasteries: St Cyril’s of Belozersk, The Solovetsky monastery, Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery, and The Holy Trinity – St Sergius monastery. These inventories list the monasteries’ property for its safekeeping. The inventories of monastic libraries contain valuable information about the system of book keeping and the development of bibliography in Old Rus’. They also provide some clues for attribution of books, which can help in reconstructing the concepts of bookmaking technologies in Early Modern period. These technological notes in descriptions of books are organized according to the system created by the inventories compilers: the format, the binding, the artistic values, the type and technique of writing, the page’s composition, the writing material, the state of preservation. The paper shows that the major goal in creating these inventories was to single out the most important elements allowing to recognize the book. Yet the description of these elements was not uniform. The attention was mainly directed to external attribution of a book. From the second half of the 16th century the cursive writing and the so-called metnoe pismo (a sort of scrittura usuale) were already recognized as different from standard book writing and had to be distinguished and indicated in book inventories. The inventories reflected those characteristics of books that were important for the librarians and therefore shaped certain semantic structures in professional mentality of Old Russian bookmen. For modern scholars they can serve as markers that follow the process of the development of book technologies in Early Modern period.
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