Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition and Dietary Intake: AProspective Study in the State of Qatar

Background: During Ramadan, Muslims abstain from eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset. This long fasting period may cause changes in body weight, body composition, eating behaviors and nutrient intake. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Ramadan fasting on nutrient intake and changes in body weight and composition in fasting people in the state of Qatar. Methods: Weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences were measured, while body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR), and waist height ratio (WHt.R) were calculated. Fat mass, fat free mass, muscle mass, and percentage body fat were assessed by body analyzer. Measurements were taken before, during and after Ramadan. Energy and macronutrient intakes were assessed using a 24 hour recall through a face to face interview in each stage. Results: Weight, BMI, fat mass, fat free mass were significantly reduced in most of the participants (P<0.05). Fat mass reduced in more than half of participants, ranging from 4.3% to 6.7% from baseline, while, non-significant reduction in muscle mass was noticed. Waist and hip circumferences insignificantly decreased in most participants. Dietary intake of most nutrients except protein including fat, saturated fat, fiber, sodium, and calcium were significantly increased during Ramadan fasting among most of the participants. On the other hand, a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake (25%) and energy consumption (10%) were reported (P<0.05). Conclusion: Ramadan fasting leads to weight loss and body composition changes including fat mass and fat free mass. Dietary intake varies depending on age, sex, culture, and dietary behavior of participants.