我们如何确定我们是否有自由意志?

A. Mele
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摘要

本章主要完成两个任务。首先,它为我们如何确定我们是否有自由意志这个问题的答案奠定了基础,通过阐述两种相互竞争的关于什么足以自由地做出决定做某事的建议。其次,它确定了我们必须学习什么才能知道这些提议中规定的条件得到满足,以及我们必须学习什么才能知道这些条件没有得到满足。这两种建议都需要有意识、理性、见多识广和没有过度压力。它们的不同之处在于,即使决定论是正确的,其中一种建议也能得到满足,而另一种则不能。
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How can we determine whether or not we have free will?
This chapter performs two main tasks. First, it sets the stage for an answer to the question of how we can determine whether or not we have free will by articulating two competing proposals about what would suffice for freely making a decision to do something. Second, it identifies what we would have to learn in order to know that the conditions set out in those proposals are satisfied and what we would have to learn in order to know that these conditions are not satisfied. Both proposals appeal to consciousness, reasonableness, being well-informed, and the absence of undue pressure. They differ in that one of the proposals can be satisfied even if determinism is true, but the other one cannot.
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How can we determine whether or not an agent is conscious of a bit of information relevant to an action? How are the neural processes for deciding when to move similar to and different from those for deciding what or how to move? How does the absence of a consensus about the neural basis of consciousness and volition affect theorizing about conscious volition? How can we determine the precise timing of brain events related to action? Do conscious decisions cause physical actions?
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