{"title":"Climate, Oxygen, and the Future of Marine Biodiversity.","authors":"Curtis Deutsch, Justin L Penn, Noelle Lucey","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040323-095231","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ocean enabled the diversification of life on Earth by adding O<sub>2</sub> to the atmosphere, yet marine species remain most subject to O<sub>2</sub> limitation. Human industrialization is intensifying the aerobic challenges to marine ecosystems by depleting the ocean's O<sub>2</sub> inventory through the global addition of heat and local addition of nutrients. Historical observations reveal an ∼2% decline in upper-ocean O<sub>2</sub> and accelerating reports of coastal mass mortality events. The dynamic balance of O<sub>2</sub> supply and demand provides a unifying framework for understanding these phenomena across scales from the global ocean to individual organisms. Using this framework, we synthesize recent advances in forecasting O<sub>2</sub> loss and its impacts on marine biogeography, biodiversity, and biogeochemistry. We also highlight three outstanding uncertainties: how long-term global climate change intensifies ocean weather events in which simultaneous heat and hypoxia create metabolic storms, how differential species O<sub>2</sub> sensitivities alter the structure of ecological communities, and how global O<sub>2</sub> loss intersects with coastal eutrophication. Projecting these interacting impacts on future marine ecosystems requires integration of climate dynamics, biogeochemistry, physiology, and ecology, evaluated with an eye on Earth history. Reducing global and local impacts of warming and O<sub>2</sub> loss will be essential if humankind is to preserve the health and biodiversity of the future ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annual Review of Marine Science","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040323-095231","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2023/9/14 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The ocean enabled the diversification of life on Earth by adding O2 to the atmosphere, yet marine species remain most subject to O2 limitation. Human industrialization is intensifying the aerobic challenges to marine ecosystems by depleting the ocean's O2 inventory through the global addition of heat and local addition of nutrients. Historical observations reveal an ∼2% decline in upper-ocean O2 and accelerating reports of coastal mass mortality events. The dynamic balance of O2 supply and demand provides a unifying framework for understanding these phenomena across scales from the global ocean to individual organisms. Using this framework, we synthesize recent advances in forecasting O2 loss and its impacts on marine biogeography, biodiversity, and biogeochemistry. We also highlight three outstanding uncertainties: how long-term global climate change intensifies ocean weather events in which simultaneous heat and hypoxia create metabolic storms, how differential species O2 sensitivities alter the structure of ecological communities, and how global O2 loss intersects with coastal eutrophication. Projecting these interacting impacts on future marine ecosystems requires integration of climate dynamics, biogeochemistry, physiology, and ecology, evaluated with an eye on Earth history. Reducing global and local impacts of warming and O2 loss will be essential if humankind is to preserve the health and biodiversity of the future ocean.
期刊介绍:
The Annual Review of Marine Science, published since 2009, offers a comprehensive overview of the field. It covers various disciplines, including coastal and blue water oceanography (biological, chemical, geological, and physical), ecology, conservation, and technological advancements related to the marine environment. The journal's transition from gated to open access through Annual Reviews' Subscribe to Open program ensures that all articles are available under a CC BY license, promoting wider accessibility and dissemination of knowledge.