Developing Norms for the Hope-Action Inventory with a Substance Misuse Sample

Abstract

The Hope-Action Inventory (HAI), a hope-based measure of career competencies, has demonstrated solid predictive validity for educational and vocational outcomes. The purpose of this study was to justify an expansion of the use of the HAI by examining group differences and establishing norms for interpreting HAI results with individuals with a history of substance misuse. Participants (N = 783) were recruited through substance use support centers and the Amazon Mechanical Turk online recruitment platform. Significant group differences were found among differing employment statuses and age groups. Normative data on the HAI with substance use populations are provided by age and employment status.