Post-traumatic Embitterment Disorder in UK Authorised Firearms Officers Following Post-incident Procedures: A Cross-Sectional Web Survey

IF 1.7 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI:10.1007/s11896-023-09635-w
Chloe Brennan, Jon Cole
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Abstract

In the United Kingdom, authorised firearms officers (AFOs) respond to the most serious threats, and in situations where a weapon is discharged may be subject to a post-incident investigation. The investigation may feel unjust and lead to post-traumatic embitterment disorder (PTED), however, there is a lack of research on PTED in this group. The current study estimated the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of PTED in 40 UK AFOs with experience of a post-incident procedure following a firearms-related incident. An online cross-sectional survey was hosted on Qualtrics, and participants were recruited via a gatekeeper at one UK police force. PTED was assessed using the PTED self-rating scale. Potential predictors and outcomes were measured using surveys of personal and general belief in a just world (BJW), including belief in distributive justice (i.e., fair outcomes) and procedural justice (i.e., fair processes), anger, and social desirability. Participants reported whether they had post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression, and whether they experienced the post incident investigation as more problematic than the firearms incident. Results showed 15% of participants displayed clinically relevant levels of PTED. Having a possible post-traumatic stress disorder and/or depression diagnosis, feeling as though the post-incident procedure and subsequent treatment were more problematic than the incident itself, and a lack of belief in personal distributive justice, increased the risk of experiencing PTED and PTED predicted increased feelings of anger. Measures are needed to ensure the post-incident procedure delivers fair outcomes and that AFOs are given the right targeted support throughout the process.

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英国授权持枪警官在事故后程序中的创伤后焦虑症:横断面网络调查
在英国,经授权的持枪警官(AFO)负责应对最严重的威胁,在武器被发射的情况下,他们可能会接受事后调查。调查可能会让人感到不公,并导致创伤后焦虑症(PTED),但目前还缺乏对这一群体创伤后焦虑症的研究。目前的研究估计了英国 40 名曾在枪支相关事故后经历过事故后程序的 AFO 中 PTED 的患病率、预测因素和结果。我们在 Qualtrics 上进行了一项在线横断面调查,参与者是通过英国一支警察部队的守门人招募的。PTED 采用 PTED 自评量表进行评估。潜在的预测因素和结果通过个人和一般的公正世界信念(BJW)调查进行测量,包括对分配公正(即结果公平)和程序公正(即过程公平)的信念、愤怒和社会理想度。参与者报告了他们是否患有创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)或抑郁症,以及他们是否认为事件后的调查比枪支事件时更有问题。结果显示,15% 的参与者表现出与临床相关的 PTED 水平。可能被诊断为创伤后应激障碍和/或抑郁症、认为事件后的程序和后续治疗比事件本身更成问题,以及缺乏对个人分配正义的信念,这些都增加了经历 PTED 的风险,而且 PTED 预测了愤怒情绪的增加。需要采取措施,确保事故后程序产生公平的结果,并确保在整个过程中,AFO 得到正确的、有针对性的支持。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.10
自引率
6.20%
发文量
62
期刊介绍: The Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology is a peer-reviewed journal that reports research findings regarding the theory, practice and application of psychological issues in the criminal justice context, namely law enforcement, courts, and corrections. The Journal encourages submissions focusing on Police Psychology including personnel assessment, therapeutic methods, training, ethics and effective organizational operation. The Journal also welcomes articles that focus on criminal behavior and the application of psychology to effective correctional practices and facilitating recovery among victims of crime. Consumers of and contributors to this body of research include psychologists, criminologists, sociologists, legal experts, social workers, and other professionals representing various facets of the criminal justice system, both domestic and international.
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