Regulating Functional Groups Enhances the Performance of Flexible Microporous MXene/Bacterial Cellulose Electrodes in Supercapacitors

Abstract

Ultrathin MXene-based films exhibit superior conductivity and high capacitance, showing promise as electrodes for flexible supercapacitors. This work describes a simple method to enhance the performance of MXene-based supercapacitors by expanding and stabilizing the interlayer space between MXene flakes while controlling the functional groups to improve the conductivity. Ti₃C₂T_x MXene flakes are treated with bacterial cellulose (BC) and NaOH to form a composite MXene/BC (A-M/BC) electrode with a microporous interlayer and high surface area (62.47 m² g^–1). Annealing the films at low temperature partially carbonizes BC, increasing the overall electrical conductivity of the films. Improvement in conductivity is also attributed to the reduction of −F, −Cl, and −OH functional groups, leaving −Na and −O functional groups on the surface. As a result, the A-M/BC electrode demonstrates a capacitance of 594 F g^–1 at a current density of 1 A g^–1 in 3 M H₂SO₄, which represents a ∼2× increase over similarly processed films without BC (309 F g^–1) or pure MXene (298 F g^–1). The corresponding device has an energy density of 9.63 Wh kg^–1 at a power density of 250 W kg^–1. BC is inexpensive and enhances the overall performance of MXene-based film electrodes in electronic devices. This method underscores the importance of functional group regulation in enhancing MXene-based materials for energy storage.