The Main Risks of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: An Integrative Review

Abstract

The consumption of alcoholic beverages by pregnant women poses a significant risk of harming the fetus, leading to permanent and irreversible physical, cognitive, and behavioral alterations. It can manifest as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect, impair fetal development, and cause delays in labor. Identifying the consequences of maternal alcoholism on the fetus and newborn is crucial due to the toxic effects of ethanol and alcohol exposure biomarkers. This study presents an integrative literature review. Scientific articles available from 2009 to 2020 were searched and analyzed. According to the studies reviewed, alcohol consumption has increased over the years, particularly among women, especially adolescents, often as a result of life dissatisfaction. The research highlights the significant health risks associated with early alcohol consumption for both pregnant women and fetuses. Prevention of alcohol use is the most effective method to address this issue. These findings underscore the importance of healthcare professionals in implementing actions that support both users of the healthcare system and health promotion efforts.