Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i5447
Lola Adeola Adelakin, O. Fabiyi, O. Ogunbiyi, Isioma Konyeme, Joshua Oladele Owolabi
Introduction: Chronic exposure of MDMA in humans has been shown to produce negative neuroplastic alterations to the brain's white matter and microvasculature, as well as significant neurodegeneration in the striatal, hippocampal, prefrontal, and occipital serotonergic axon terminals. Adolescent exposure to nicotine damages hippocampus cells, and as a result, damages memory retention. Caffeine suppresses the actions of adenosine which is crucial for energy transfer and sleep promotion as long as it enters the brain, as it crosses the crosses the blood-brain barrier. The hippocampus is critical for the formation of new autobiographical and fact memories, hence, severe damage to the hippocampi in both hemispheres result in profound difficulties in forming new memories. This also affects the memory formed before the damage, resulting in anterograde and retrograde amnesia, respectively. This study compared the effect of Nicotine, MDMA and Caffeine on the hippocampus and memory of juvenile male Wister rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty (n=50) juvenile male Wistar rats (120g) were randomly distributed into 7 groups labeled A-G. Group A served as Control, Group B was administered 30mg/kg Caffeine, Group C was administered 50mg/kg Caffeine, Group D was administered 10mg/kg Nicotine, Group E was administered 20mg/kg Nicotine, Group F was administered 30mg/kg MDMA and Group G was administered 40mg/kg MDMA, for a period of 30 days. Rats were sacrificed after the experiment and their brains were harvested. Their hippocampi were excised and processed for histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical observations. Neurobehavioral studies were done before sacrifice. Analysis was done using Graph Pad Prism 8.0. P-value of ≤0.05 was regarded as significant, and data was expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: MDMA and caffeine caused neuron degeneration at low and high dose. There was no tissue disruption attributable to nicotine. Myelination was preserved generally across the treated groups, except groups F and G. There was general disruption in the dopamine and acetylcholine neurotransmitters levels, except group c, and a significant increase in serotonin neurotransmitters especially, in groups D-G. Conclusion: Caffeine, nicotine and MDMA induced neuronal disruptions of varying degrees in the hippocampus of the brain, and as such caused deleterious effects in the long/short-term memories, as evidenced in the behavioral analyses. The damage was dose dependent.
{"title":"Caffeine, Nicotine and Mdma Effects on the Brain Hippocampal Formation of Juvenile Experiential Models","authors":"Lola Adeola Adelakin, O. Fabiyi, O. Ogunbiyi, Isioma Konyeme, Joshua Oladele Owolabi","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i5447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i5447","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Chronic exposure of MDMA in humans has been shown to produce negative neuroplastic alterations to the brain's white matter and microvasculature, as well as significant neurodegeneration in the striatal, hippocampal, prefrontal, and occipital serotonergic axon terminals. Adolescent exposure to nicotine damages hippocampus cells, and as a result, damages memory retention. Caffeine suppresses the actions of adenosine which is crucial for energy transfer and sleep promotion as long as it enters the brain, as it crosses the crosses the blood-brain barrier. The hippocampus is critical for the formation of new autobiographical and fact memories, hence, severe damage to the hippocampi in both hemispheres result in profound difficulties in forming new memories. This also affects the memory formed before the damage, resulting in anterograde and retrograde amnesia, respectively. This study compared the effect of Nicotine, MDMA and Caffeine on the hippocampus and memory of juvenile male Wister rats. \u0000Materials and Methods: Fifty (n=50) juvenile male Wistar rats (120g) were randomly distributed into 7 groups labeled A-G. Group A served as Control, Group B was administered 30mg/kg Caffeine, Group C was administered 50mg/kg Caffeine, Group D was administered 10mg/kg Nicotine, Group E was administered 20mg/kg Nicotine, Group F was administered 30mg/kg MDMA and Group G was administered 40mg/kg MDMA, for a period of 30 days. Rats were sacrificed after the experiment and their brains were harvested. Their hippocampi were excised and processed for histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical observations. Neurobehavioral studies were done before sacrifice. Analysis was done using Graph Pad Prism 8.0. P-value of ≤0.05 was regarded as significant, and data was expressed as mean ± SEM. \u0000Results: MDMA and caffeine caused neuron degeneration at low and high dose. There was no tissue disruption attributable to nicotine. Myelination was preserved generally across the treated groups, except groups F and G. There was general disruption in the dopamine and acetylcholine neurotransmitters levels, except group c, and a significant increase in serotonin neurotransmitters especially, in groups D-G. \u0000Conclusion: Caffeine, nicotine and MDMA induced neuronal disruptions of varying degrees in the hippocampus of the brain, and as such caused deleterious effects in the long/short-term memories, as evidenced in the behavioral analyses. The damage was dose dependent.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mental health services in Nigeria consists mainly of large government psychiatric hospitals. There are eight Neuropsychiatric hospitals and a similar number of teaching hospital psychiatric departments for a population of 200 million people. There is only one private community residential facility available with ten beds in Lagos State and it is administered by a religious organization for rehabilitation of persons with drug problems.In Nigeria, an estimated 20-30%of the population are believed to suffer from mental disorders.MEDLINE EntrezPubmed search was done in November, 2018. Studies conducted on mental health and mental health services in Nigeria done from 2009 till date were selected for review. The studies were grouped into two categories according to the key words used in the search. Category 1: Keywords used in the search: mental health,Nigeria.This search yielded a total of one thousand and fifty (1,051) publications. Category 2: Keywords used in the search: mental health services,Nigeria. Lack of incentives for health care workers and inadequate workforce were identified as some of the barriers against the use of mental health services in Nigeria. Other major barriers identified were- poor education, ignorance, and stigmatization. Absence of services in rural communities, waiting time at the facilities, bureaucracy in treatment and poor information management, high cost of service, travel distance, feelings of shame and loss of productive income were the barriers identified in some other studies conducted in Nigeria.
{"title":"Barriers and Attitudes towards Mental Health Services in Nigeria: A Systematic Review","authors":"Ofor Casimir Chijioke, Ofonakara Uzochukwu, Ohanme Eugene Ohams, Nwakelu Benjamin Nwaforcha","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i5445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i5445","url":null,"abstract":"Mental health services in Nigeria consists mainly of large government psychiatric hospitals. There are eight Neuropsychiatric hospitals and a similar number of teaching hospital psychiatric departments for a population of 200 million people. There is only one private community residential facility available with ten beds in Lagos State and it is administered by a religious organization for rehabilitation of persons with drug problems.In Nigeria, an estimated 20-30%of the population are believed to suffer from mental disorders.MEDLINE EntrezPubmed search was done in November, 2018. Studies conducted on mental health and mental health services in Nigeria done from 2009 till date were selected for review. The studies were grouped into two categories according to the key words used in the search. \u0000Category 1: Keywords used in the search: mental health,Nigeria.This search yielded a total of one thousand and fifty (1,051) publications. \u0000Category 2: Keywords used in the search: mental health services,Nigeria. Lack of incentives for health care workers and inadequate workforce were identified as some of the barriers against the use of mental health services in Nigeria. Other major barriers identified were- poor education, ignorance, and stigmatization. Absence of services in rural communities, waiting time at the facilities, bureaucracy in treatment and poor information management, high cost of service, travel distance, feelings of shame and loss of productive income were the barriers identified in some other studies conducted in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141643990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i5444
Sujith Babu Kallan, S. Bondade, Lalitha D Hiremath, Rama Krishna V M, Murali Thyloth, P. C. Goutham, S. Nandhana
Background: Deaths by COVID-19 have left behind nearly 12 million recent bereaved individuals worldwide and researchers have raised concerns that the circumstances of COVID-19 related deaths will lead to a rise in prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) cases. Nevertheless, no research has looked at the PGD incidence among older Indians who have lost a loved one to COVID-19. The aim this research is to determine the prevalence of PGD and the demographics of older people who have experienced COVID-19-related bereavement. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study and house to house survey was conducted between August 2022 and August 2023. Forty geriatric adults aged above 60 years, who consented to participate were assessed for PGD. Demographic details and loss-related information were collected. Self-reported prolonged grief symptoms were measured using Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) and Traumatic Grief Inventory Self Report (TGI-SR). Anxiety and depression were measured using Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors of grief symptoms. Results: Our study indicates that individuals who experienced loss due to COVID-19 exhibited higher levels of grief. Most of the participants were females (65%). Prevalence of PGD was 10% by TGI-SR. HAM-A scores (14.28 +/- 1.42) were higher than HAM-D scores (12.02 +/- 1.58). Conclusion: It is essential to counsel families early and offer supportive services to prevent pathological grief associated with COVID-19 deaths.
{"title":"Pathological Grief in Geriatric Age Group Affected by COVID-19 Deaths: A Community-Based Study","authors":"Sujith Babu Kallan, S. Bondade, Lalitha D Hiremath, Rama Krishna V M, Murali Thyloth, P. C. Goutham, S. Nandhana","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i5444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i5444","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Deaths by COVID-19 have left behind nearly 12 million recent bereaved individuals worldwide and researchers have raised concerns that the circumstances of COVID-19 related deaths will lead to a rise in prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) cases. Nevertheless, no research has looked at the PGD incidence among older Indians who have lost a loved one to COVID-19. The aim this research is to determine the prevalence of PGD and the demographics of older people who have experienced COVID-19-related bereavement. \u0000Methods: This is a cross-sectional study and house to house survey was conducted between August 2022 and August 2023. Forty geriatric adults aged above 60 years, who consented to participate were assessed for PGD. Demographic details and loss-related information were collected. Self-reported prolonged grief symptoms were measured using Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) and Traumatic Grief Inventory Self Report (TGI-SR). Anxiety and depression were measured using Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors of grief symptoms. \u0000Results: Our study indicates that individuals who experienced loss due to COVID-19 exhibited higher levels of grief. Most of the participants were females (65%). Prevalence of PGD was 10% by TGI-SR. HAM-A scores (14.28 +/- 1.42) were higher than HAM-D scores (12.02 +/- 1.58). \u0000Conclusion: It is essential to counsel families early and offer supportive services to prevent pathological grief associated with COVID-19 deaths.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141660805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4443
Gilmar Dantas De Souza Filho, Henrique Almeida Assis Costa, Danielle Araújo Borsari, Erasmo Carlos Braulino, Plínio Regino Magalhães, Pericles Cristiano Batista Flores, Solange Aparecida Caetano, Elaine Aparecida Leoni, Thaisa Silva de Sousa, Marco Aurélio Aparecido Lucio
The consumption of alcoholic beverages by pregnant women poses a significant risk of harming the fetus, leading to permanent and irreversible physical, cognitive, and behavioral alterations. It can manifest as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect, impair fetal development, and cause delays in labor. Identifying the consequences of maternal alcoholism on the fetus and newborn is crucial due to the toxic effects of ethanol and alcohol exposure biomarkers. This study presents an integrative literature review. Scientific articles available from 2009 to 2020 were searched and analyzed. According to the studies reviewed, alcohol consumption has increased over the years, particularly among women, especially adolescents, often as a result of life dissatisfaction. The research highlights the significant health risks associated with early alcohol consumption for both pregnant women and fetuses. Prevention of alcohol use is the most effective method to address this issue. These findings underscore the importance of healthcare professionals in implementing actions that support both users of the healthcare system and health promotion efforts.
{"title":"The Main Risks of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: An Integrative Review","authors":"Gilmar Dantas De Souza Filho, Henrique Almeida Assis Costa, Danielle Araújo Borsari, Erasmo Carlos Braulino, Plínio Regino Magalhães, Pericles Cristiano Batista Flores, Solange Aparecida Caetano, Elaine Aparecida Leoni, Thaisa Silva de Sousa, Marco Aurélio Aparecido Lucio","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4443","url":null,"abstract":"The consumption of alcoholic beverages by pregnant women poses a significant risk of harming the fetus, leading to permanent and irreversible physical, cognitive, and behavioral alterations. It can manifest as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect, impair fetal development, and cause delays in labor. Identifying the consequences of maternal alcoholism on the fetus and newborn is crucial due to the toxic effects of ethanol and alcohol exposure biomarkers. This study presents an integrative literature review. Scientific articles available from 2009 to 2020 were searched and analyzed. According to the studies reviewed, alcohol consumption has increased over the years, particularly among women, especially adolescents, often as a result of life dissatisfaction. The research highlights the significant health risks associated with early alcohol consumption for both pregnant women and fetuses. Prevention of alcohol use is the most effective method to address this issue. These findings underscore the importance of healthcare professionals in implementing actions that support both users of the healthcare system and health promotion efforts.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141369854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4441
Kaynara Trevisan, Renata Cristina-Pereira, Breno Régis Santos, Paulo Eduardo Mendonça, Heberson Teixeira da Silva, Maria Tereza Gonçalves-Mendes, T. Aversi-Ferreira
Aims: This review aims to perform an extensive literature search about the pesticides problems and to associate with AD in qualitative analysis, mainly. Place and Duration of Study: Biomathematics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil. Entre outubro de 2023 a abril de 2024. Methodology: For the purpose of this systematic review, articles from 2014 onwards with the descriptors Alzheimer's disease and pesticides; neurodegenerative diseases and pesticides, were sought. Among these, articles considered most pertinent to the objective of the present review were utilized, i.e., those whose subject matter was associated with the effects of pesticides, especially glyphosate, on dementias, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Results: After analyzed 35,590 articles, and applying exclusion criteria to journals with an impact factor equal to or lower than 4 and including topics most relevant to the objectives of this work, 35,526 articles were excluded, resulting in 64 remaining articles, of which 40 were qualitative in scope and 24 were quantitative. The articles considered most suitable for the objective of the present review were utilized, i.e., those whose topic was associated with the effects of pesticides, especially glyphosate, on dementia. The criteria for scrutinizing articles included a journal impact factor equal to or greater than 4 and the removal of duplicate articles using the freely accessible EndNote program from Web of Science. Articles and books on history and those outside the scope of the pesticide/AD relationship did not follow the criterion of having an impact factor equal to or greater than 4. Conclusion: There appears to be a relationship between the increase in pesticide use, particularly Glyphosate, and the rise in Alzheimer's disease prevalence.
{"title":"The Indiscriminate Use of Pesticides could Increase the Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease? A Systematic Review","authors":"Kaynara Trevisan, Renata Cristina-Pereira, Breno Régis Santos, Paulo Eduardo Mendonça, Heberson Teixeira da Silva, Maria Tereza Gonçalves-Mendes, T. Aversi-Ferreira","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4441","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This review aims to perform an extensive literature search about the pesticides problems and to associate with AD in qualitative analysis, mainly.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: Biomathematics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil. Entre outubro de 2023 a abril de 2024.\u0000Methodology: For the purpose of this systematic review, articles from 2014 onwards with the descriptors Alzheimer's disease and pesticides; neurodegenerative diseases and pesticides, were sought. Among these, articles considered most pertinent to the objective of the present review were utilized, i.e., those whose subject matter was associated with the effects of pesticides, especially glyphosate, on dementias, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD).\u0000Results: After analyzed 35,590 articles, and applying exclusion criteria to journals with an impact factor equal to or lower than 4 and including topics most relevant to the objectives of this work, 35,526 articles were excluded, resulting in 64 remaining articles, of which 40 were qualitative in scope and 24 were quantitative. The articles considered most suitable for the objective of the present review were utilized, i.e., those whose topic was associated with the effects of pesticides, especially glyphosate, on dementia. The criteria for scrutinizing articles included a journal impact factor equal to or greater than 4 and the removal of duplicate articles using the freely accessible EndNote program from Web of Science. Articles and books on history and those outside the scope of the pesticide/AD relationship did not follow the criterion of having an impact factor equal to or greater than 4.\u0000Conclusion: There appears to be a relationship between the increase in pesticide use, particularly Glyphosate, and the rise in Alzheimer's disease prevalence.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4440
Renata Cristina-Pereira, Anna Luiza de Araújo Ribeiro, Anna Cláudia Ferreira Nunes, Luca Casale Guereschi, Maria Amália Garcia da Silveira Araújo, Maria Tereza Gonçalves-Mendes, Kaynara Trevisan, H. T. Silva, T. Aversi-Ferreira
Aims: The main aim of this study was to use specific data from the literature on ageing, correlating this with the pesticide contamination, in order to understand the relationship with an increasingly ageing population. Study Design: A systematic review was performed. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biomathematics of the Federal University of Alfenas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, between April 2023 and August 2023. Methodology: A systematic search of articles was performed using the CAPES Periodic platform, a searcher from the Education Ministry of Brazil that contains Web of Science, Scopus, MedLine, from August 2020 to May 2023. For this review, the subject’s “aging theory”; “neuroscience and pathologies to aging”; “aging and aging-associated changes”; “pesticides and pesticide toxicity”; “pesticide toxicity and neurotoxicity”; “longevity and healthy aging”; “aging human and pesticides” were searched together using the type of material “articles” in English language. Some articles about “population growth”; “world population”; “population-aging” were used for epistemological composition of this work content subjects. Results: From the 19.720 articles after the exclusion and the inclusion criteria made with the subjects most pertinent to the objectives of this work; 19.570 articles were excluded, remaining 150 ones, of which 116 were qualitative in scope and 34 quantitative. Conclusion: The complex relationship between the pesticide contamination and the condition of the exposed individual may be associated with premature ageing and a greater susceptibility to debilitating age-related diseases. Although technology is increasingly improved in its innovations, health and environmental regulations have not been able to rid the production processes of their potential to pollute the environment and cause health problems for those exposed to them.
{"title":"Study of the Relation between Aging and Pesticides: A Review","authors":"Renata Cristina-Pereira, Anna Luiza de Araújo Ribeiro, Anna Cláudia Ferreira Nunes, Luca Casale Guereschi, Maria Amália Garcia da Silveira Araújo, Maria Tereza Gonçalves-Mendes, Kaynara Trevisan, H. T. Silva, T. Aversi-Ferreira","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4440","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The main aim of this study was to use specific data from the literature on ageing, correlating this with the pesticide contamination, in order to understand the relationship with an increasingly ageing population.\u0000Study Design: A systematic review was performed.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biomathematics of the Federal University of Alfenas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, between April 2023 and August 2023.\u0000Methodology: A systematic search of articles was performed using the CAPES Periodic platform, a searcher from the Education Ministry of Brazil that contains Web of Science, Scopus, MedLine, from August 2020 to May 2023. For this review, the subject’s “aging theory”; “neuroscience and pathologies to aging”; “aging and aging-associated changes”; “pesticides and pesticide toxicity”; “pesticide toxicity and neurotoxicity”; “longevity and healthy aging”; “aging human and pesticides” were searched together using the type of material “articles” in English language. Some articles about “population growth”; “world population”; “population-aging” were used for epistemological composition of this work content subjects.\u0000Results: From the 19.720 articles after the exclusion and the inclusion criteria made with the subjects most pertinent to the objectives of this work; 19.570 articles were excluded, remaining 150 ones, of which 116 were qualitative in scope and 34 quantitative.\u0000Conclusion: The complex relationship between the pesticide contamination and the condition of the exposed individual may be associated with premature ageing and a greater susceptibility to debilitating age-related diseases. Although technology is increasingly improved in its innovations, health and environmental regulations have not been able to rid the production processes of their potential to pollute the environment and cause health problems for those exposed to them.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140983576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4439
Okoye, Nelyn Akunna, Udeji, Rosemary Nneka, Ordu, Charles Nkesi, Aneke, Emeka John, Offor, Chinazor Cordelia, Asanya, Chinyere Ada
Mental health refers to a person's emotional, psychological, and social well-being, which encompasses aspects such as thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and the ability to cope with life's challenges. Several factors including drug abuse have been recognized to cause mental health disorders; hence, the urgent need to globally address these factors. Drug abuse emerges as a complex public health issue, involving the misuse of legal and illegal drugs, with consequences extending beyond individual health. The relationship between mental health and drug abuse intensifies challenges, as drug misuse contributes to the development or worsening of mental health disorders. This review examined biological, psychological, and social determinants, and advocate for a standardized approach to address the complex issue of drug abuse. Various electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and others, were used to access resources, in which thirty-three (33) literatures were reviewed. Results of the reviewed literatures revealed that the impact of drug abuse on mental health involves neurobiological alterations affecting neurotransmitter levels and structural changes in the brain. This does not only affect individuals, but also results in societal burdens, such as increased healthcare costs and criminal justice involvement, compounded by the stigma surrounding mental health and substance abuse. The classification of drugs into legal and illegal categories highlights the diversity of substances and emphasizes the need to understand their effects on mental well-being. Categories include legal drugs, prescription medications, socially accepted substances, and illegal drugs with varying dependency potentials. Addressing mental health disorders induced by drug abuse requires a comprehensive approach, involving strategies like Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment (IDDT), Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT), Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Peer Support, 12-Step Programs, and Recovery-Oriented Systems of Care (ROSC). These methods guarantee a care continuum that centers on the individual and emphasizes recovery, acknowledging the relationship between mental health and drug abuse disorders. Nevertheless, the review highlights a research gap in that, in-depth research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the aforementioned interventions. Additionally, exploring innovative strategies to address challenges such as stigma, limited treatment accessibility, and the cyclical nature of addiction would enhance intervention effectiveness.
心理健康是指一个人的情绪、心理和社会福祉，包括思想、情感、行为和应对生活挑战的能力等方面。包括药物滥用在内的一些因素被认为会导致心理健康失调；因此，迫切需要在全球范围内解决这些因素。药物滥用是一个复杂的公共卫生问题，涉及合法和非法药物的滥用，其后果超出了个人健康范围。精神健康与药物滥用之间的关系加剧了挑战，因为药物滥用会导致精神疾病的发展或恶化。这篇综述研究了生物、心理和社会决定因素，并主张采用标准化方法来解决复杂的药物滥用问题。我们使用了各种电子数据库（如 PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science、Medline 等）来获取资源，其中审查了 33 篇文献。所查阅文献的结果表明，药物滥用对心理健康的影响涉及影响神经递质水平和大脑结构变化的神经生物学改变。这不仅影响到个人，还会造成社会负担，如医疗费用增加和刑事司法介入，再加上围绕精神健康和药物滥用的耻辱感。将药物分为合法和非法两类突出了药物的多样性，并强调了了解其对精神健康影响的必要性。这些类别包括合法药物、处方药、社会认可的物质以及具有不同依赖性的非法药物。解决由药物滥用引发的精神障碍需要采取综合方法，其中包括双重诊断综合治疗（IDDT）、药物辅助治疗（MAT）、认知行为疗法（CBT）、动机访谈法（MI）、辩证行为疗法（DBT）、同伴支持、12 步计划和以康复为导向的护理系统（ROSC）等策略。这些方法保证了护理的连续性，以个人为中心，强调康复，承认心理健康和药物滥用疾病之间的关系。然而，综述强调了一个研究缺口，即需要进行深入研究，以评估上述干预措施的有效性。此外，探索创新策略以应对污名化、有限的治疗机会和成瘾的周期性等挑战，将提高干预的有效性。
{"title":"Negative Implications of Drug and Substance use on Mental Health","authors":"Okoye, Nelyn Akunna, Udeji, Rosemary Nneka, Ordu, Charles Nkesi, Aneke, Emeka John, Offor, Chinazor Cordelia, Asanya, Chinyere Ada","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4439","url":null,"abstract":"Mental health refers to a person's emotional, psychological, and social well-being, which encompasses aspects such as thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and the ability to cope with life's challenges. Several factors including drug abuse have been recognized to cause mental health disorders; hence, the urgent need to globally address these factors. Drug abuse emerges as a complex public health issue, involving the misuse of legal and illegal drugs, with consequences extending beyond individual health. The relationship between mental health and drug abuse intensifies challenges, as drug misuse contributes to the development or worsening of mental health disorders. This review examined biological, psychological, and social determinants, and advocate for a standardized approach to address the complex issue of drug abuse. Various electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and others, were used to access resources, in which thirty-three (33) literatures were reviewed. Results of the reviewed literatures revealed that the impact of drug abuse on mental health involves neurobiological alterations affecting neurotransmitter levels and structural changes in the brain. This does not only affect individuals, but also results in societal burdens, such as increased healthcare costs and criminal justice involvement, compounded by the stigma surrounding mental health and substance abuse. The classification of drugs into legal and illegal categories highlights the diversity of substances and emphasizes the need to understand their effects on mental well-being. Categories include legal drugs, prescription medications, socially accepted substances, and illegal drugs with varying dependency potentials. Addressing mental health disorders induced by drug abuse requires a comprehensive approach, involving strategies like Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment (IDDT), Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT), Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Peer Support, 12-Step Programs, and Recovery-Oriented Systems of Care (ROSC). These methods guarantee a care continuum that centers on the individual and emphasizes recovery, acknowledging the relationship between mental health and drug abuse disorders. Nevertheless, the review highlights a research gap in that, in-depth research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the aforementioned interventions. Additionally, exploring innovative strategies to address challenges such as stigma, limited treatment accessibility, and the cyclical nature of addiction would enhance intervention effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140989054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4438
Ekarini Daroedono, Alifa Hasna Ramadhani Fachly, Ayu Aulia Salshabila, Debora Iriani Sanda Pasoro, Gabriella Hillary Kambu, Fachrul Destrian, Restu Fatimatuzzahra, F. E. Siagian
Aims: to explore the time that crammer start to study and the time of exam being held and relate this two with the result of the remedial exams which conducted electronically (computer based). Study Design: simple descriptive cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: conducted during January to February 2024 in the faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta-Indonesia. Sample: respondents who join the remedial exam during 2022. Methodology: electronic questionnaire regarding time to start studying being distributed prior the exam/test. Sufficient explanation regarding the research is given before consent is politely requested to each exam’s participant. Data obtained from questionnaire were combined with demography data (gender, place of residence) and the result of the exam. Results: Cramming conducted by 69.7% of our respondents, with the involvement of male student is more common compared to female student and regarding their place of residence, more student that live in their own house with their family do the cramming. Most of the perpetrator started studying at 20.00 – 24.00 pm. Students passing rate in this study were low. Female students score better when they did not cram while only male students who conduct cramming and still fail the exam get a slightly higher mean score than male students who fail the exam and did not cram. Female students got a slightly higher mean score than male students. Conclusion: Cramming is risk taking like gambling behavior. It can give negative impact to the perpetrator’s mental health. The phenomenon of cramming is quite common, especially among male student, but the passing rate was poor. Cramming mostly started late at night. Male students who fail the exam tend to get higher grades if they cramming while on the other hand our female student tend to get higher score in they did not cram.
{"title":"Cramming Analysis Based on Time to Start Studying and Time the Exam being Held","authors":"Ekarini Daroedono, Alifa Hasna Ramadhani Fachly, Ayu Aulia Salshabila, Debora Iriani Sanda Pasoro, Gabriella Hillary Kambu, Fachrul Destrian, Restu Fatimatuzzahra, F. E. Siagian","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4438","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: to explore the time that crammer start to study and the time of exam being held and relate this two with the result of the remedial exams which conducted electronically (computer based).\u0000Study Design: simple descriptive cross sectional study\u0000Place and Duration of Study: conducted during January to February 2024 in the faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta-Indonesia. Sample: respondents who join the remedial exam during 2022.\u0000Methodology: electronic questionnaire regarding time to start studying being distributed prior the exam/test. Sufficient explanation regarding the research is given before consent is politely requested to each exam’s participant. Data obtained from questionnaire were combined with demography data (gender, place of residence) and the result of the exam.\u0000Results: Cramming conducted by 69.7% of our respondents, with the involvement of male student is more common compared to female student and regarding their place of residence, more student that live in their own house with their family do the cramming. Most of the perpetrator started studying at 20.00 – 24.00 pm. Students passing rate in this study were low. Female students score better when they did not cram while only male students who conduct cramming and still fail the exam get a slightly higher mean score than male students who fail the exam and did not cram. Female students got a slightly higher mean score than male students.\u0000Conclusion: Cramming is risk taking like gambling behavior. It can give negative impact to the perpetrator’s mental health. The phenomenon of cramming is quite common, especially among male student, but the passing rate was poor. Cramming mostly started late at night. Male students who fail the exam tend to get higher grades if they cramming while on the other hand our female student tend to get higher score in they did not cram.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140987959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4437
Maria Tereza Gonçalves-Mendes, T. Aversi-Ferreira
This comment aims to bring Psychoanalysis as the precursor of a new vision about mental processes and the mind as a whole and allies this discovery to the change in the scientific thinking at the time of the beginning of Psychoanalysis, exemplified by the evolutions of quantum and relativistic physics, in counterpoint to the positivism in vogue, i.e., Freud showed a non-positivist thinking elaborating the Psychoanalysis. For this reason, it contextualizes the theories in relation to the brain and to the brain functions at the time of Freud, that sought in each brain region the correspondent for specific functions, exemplified mainly by Gall's phrenology. Although regional correspondents to the function of language have been found, such as Wernicke's and Broca's areas, it has not been possible to date to find specific locations for complex emotions and the behavior, even with Luria's attempts. The possible analysis of a mind that goes beyond the morpho-physiological limits of the brain was Freud's great contribution to the evolution of a scientific thinking regarding mental disorders. Finally, in this text, we intend to place Psychoanalysis as a non-positivist precursor of mind studies.
{"title":"Interpreting Freudian Concept of Mind and Unconscious at the Time of Fall of Positivism","authors":"Maria Tereza Gonçalves-Mendes, T. Aversi-Ferreira","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i4437","url":null,"abstract":"This comment aims to bring Psychoanalysis as the precursor of a new vision about mental processes and the mind as a whole and allies this discovery to the change in the scientific thinking at the time of the beginning of Psychoanalysis, exemplified by the evolutions of quantum and relativistic physics, in counterpoint to the positivism in vogue, i.e., Freud showed a non-positivist thinking elaborating the Psychoanalysis.\u0000For this reason, it contextualizes the theories in relation to the brain and to the brain functions at the time of Freud, that sought in each brain region the correspondent for specific functions, exemplified mainly by Gall's phrenology. Although regional correspondents to the function of language have been found, such as Wernicke's and Broca's areas, it has not been possible to date to find specific locations for complex emotions and the behavior, even with Luria's attempts. The possible analysis of a mind that goes beyond the morpho-physiological limits of the brain was Freud's great contribution to the evolution of a scientific thinking regarding mental disorders. Finally, in this text, we intend to place Psychoanalysis as a non-positivist precursor of mind studies.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141017255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-02DOI: 10.9734/indj/2024/v21i3436
Nilesh Shah M, Rajesh Kumar, Sathianathan R, Manushree Gupta, M. S, K. Kumar M
Background: Depression is an emerging severe disorder and a serious public health problem, which can often go undetected. It is associated with many disease conditions. Increase in non-communicable diseases, suicide rate, has made its incidence to increase. These will have a negative impact on patient’s quality of life and will increase the burden of morbidity and mortality. Objective: The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the role of escitalopram in the management of depression by collecting clinical insights and expert opinion from Indian clinicians through a set of questionnaire. Methodology: A cross sectional, questionnaire based study was conducted to collect opinion among doctors in the major Indian cities, about experience and satisfaction with current pharmacotherapy and role of escitalopram in the management of depression across India between June to October 2017. Convenient sampling method was used. The pretested questionnaire booklet titled CHEER (Clinicians Opinions on Depression and role of Escitalopram) study was sent to the doctors who were willing to participate. For this, physicians were requested to complete this survey and express their opinion towards the various aspect of managing depression. Results: Totally, 177 out of 200 clinicians shared their experiences and opinion from all over India. As per survey data, 58.19% of clinicians reported that in their clinical practice, on an average, more than 15 patients were diagnosed with depression in a month. Around 75% of clinicians say that incidence of depression was more common in the female when compared to the male patients. Reports showed that incidence of depression was more common in urban educated patients (47.11%). Depression was seen more commonly in the age group of 31-40 years. About 58% of clinicians reported that counselling was as important as pharmacotherapy. The survey report suggested that more than 90% of clinicians prefer escitalopram as a first-line therapeutic agent for treating depression. More than 87% of clinicians prefer escitalopram in combination with clonazepam to treat co-morbidity of anxiety depression in their clinical practise. Conclusion: The present survey report suggested that majority of clinicians (85%) preferred escitalopram to treat depression among the SSRIs and other antidepressants agents. Survey also showed that escitalopram has better efficacy and lesser adverse effects.
{"title":"Clinician’s Opinion on Depression and Role of Escitalopram in the Management of Depression","authors":"Nilesh Shah M, Rajesh Kumar, Sathianathan R, Manushree Gupta, M. S, K. Kumar M","doi":"10.9734/indj/2024/v21i3436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2024/v21i3436","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Depression is an emerging severe disorder and a serious public health problem, which can often go undetected. It is associated with many disease conditions. Increase in non-communicable diseases, suicide rate, has made its incidence to increase. These will have a negative impact on patient’s quality of life and will increase the burden of morbidity and mortality. \u0000Objective: The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the role of escitalopram in the management of depression by collecting clinical insights and expert opinion from Indian clinicians through a set of questionnaire. \u0000Methodology: A cross sectional, questionnaire based study was conducted to collect opinion among doctors in the major Indian cities, about experience and satisfaction with current pharmacotherapy and role of escitalopram in the management of depression across India between June to October 2017. Convenient sampling method was used. The pretested questionnaire booklet titled CHEER (Clinicians Opinions on Depression and role of Escitalopram) study was sent to the doctors who were willing to participate. For this, physicians were requested to complete this survey and express their opinion towards the various aspect of managing depression. \u0000Results: Totally, 177 out of 200 clinicians shared their experiences and opinion from all over India. As per survey data, 58.19% of clinicians reported that in their clinical practice, on an average, more than 15 patients were diagnosed with depression in a month. Around 75% of clinicians say that incidence of depression was more common in the female when compared to the male patients. Reports showed that incidence of depression was more common in urban educated patients (47.11%). Depression was seen more commonly in the age group of 31-40 years. About 58% of clinicians reported that counselling was as important as pharmacotherapy. The survey report suggested that more than 90% of clinicians prefer escitalopram as a first-line therapeutic agent for treating depression. More than 87% of clinicians prefer escitalopram in combination with clonazepam to treat co-morbidity of anxiety depression in their clinical practise. \u0000Conclusion: The present survey report suggested that majority of clinicians (85%) preferred escitalopram to treat depression among the SSRIs and other antidepressants agents. Survey also showed that escitalopram has better efficacy and lesser adverse effects.","PeriodicalId":90556,"journal":{"name":"International neuropsychiatric disease journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141022767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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