Flatland Materials for Photochemical and Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation Applications: From Lab-door Experiments to Large-scale Applicability

Abstract

Rational design of materials as the catalytic system is the prominent determinant of the efficiency of sustainable energy sources. Flatland two-dimensional (2D) materials (MXenes, MBenes, transition metal dichalcogenides/phosphides (TMDs/TMPs), phosphorene, graphene derivatives) have left no stone unturned in order to prove their ascendancy towards energy-driven aspirations in the considerations of their superior physiochemical properties as compared to their non-layered counterpart materials that transcend their transport properties and conductivity. Herein, we aim to provide an encyclopaedic account of the position where the flatland materials stand currently to imbibe the goal of sustainability in the light of their photochemical and electrochemical nitrogen fixation applications. As of now, numerous strands have limited the expansion of 2D-materials derived nitrogen fixation operations for scalable applications. Therefore, we have summarized techno-economic analysis and future perspectives of nitrogen fixation applications as implications for practical ammonia applicability. We have succinctly summarized the functionality of flatland materials and classified them on the basis of their photochemical and electrochemical efficiencies.