Carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) emissions during the combustion of wood pellets in a small-scale combustion unit – Influence of aluminum-(silicate-)based fuel additivation

Abstract

The additivation of solid biofuels has proven to be an effective method for reducing total particulate matter (TPM) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, as well as for reducing ash-related problems related to, e.g., fouling and slagging. During the combustion with additives, potassium (K) released from the solid biofuels is bound into temperature-stable compounds, thus preventing the formation of inorganic (i.e., K-based) TPM. Simultaneously by reducing K in the gas phase, the inhibition of gas-phase oxidation (e.g., CO oxidation) due to interference of K within the existing radical pool is hindered. Particularly kaolin, an aluminum-silicate-based additive has proven effective in reducing not only TPM but also CO emissions. The mitigation effects on CO emissions have previously been reported mostly in a subordinate role and explanations are given in the form of hypotheses. In this study, seven additives (i.e., kaolin, kaolinite, meta-kaolinite, aluminum hydroxide, muscovite, muscovite coated with titanium dioxide and kalsilite, each at 0.3 wt%_a.r.) were investigated during wood pellet combustion in a small-scale furnace (7.8 kW). For both CO and TPM emissions, kaolin proved to be most effective (i.e., −52% CO, −49% TPM), followed by muscovite, kaolinite, TiO₂ coated muscovite, aluminum hydroxide, and meta-kaolinite.