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Photosynthesis of polypyyrole/ZnFe2O4-WO3 nanocomposite for biodiesel production
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108193
Chou-Yi Hsu , Zaid H. Mahmoud , Nargiza Kamolova , Khursheed Muzammil , Forat H. Alsultany , Salah Hassan Zain Al-Abdeen , Ehsan Kianfar
In this study, photolysis-free radical polymerization is successfully employed to synthesis a heterogeneous Polypyrrole/ZnFe2O4-WO3 nanocomposite. The photolysis technique was used UV irradiation with 15 W and 365 nm for reduction ferric, zinc and tungsten aqueous precursors for synthesis of metal oxides nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectrum and used it in transesterification of oil to investigate of the catalytic performance. The nanocomposite catalyst appeared high activity for esterification of olive oil creating from the increasing the diffusion between the reactant and product. Furthermore, the prepared nanocomposite catalyst could be easily recovered and efficiently reused for many times without considerable loss in its activity, also appeared results showed that PPy/ZnFe2O4-WO3 nanocomposite could be employed for the suitable and rapid biodiesel production. Depending on the experimental results, the optimum conditions with yield 94 % show at 1:14 oil/methanol ratio, 120 min, 55 °C temperature and 3 % catalyst dose. The obtained biodiesel appeared properties near to those of international standards of biodiesel. The product met international standards for key features, including density, viscosity and flash point, as well as, the catalyst appeared excellent reusability, keeping efficiency over multiple cycles with lower performance loss. These results proved the prepared catalyst as a cost-effective and sustainable catalyst for biodiesel production.
{"title":"Photosynthesis of polypyyrole/ZnFe2O4-WO3 nanocomposite for biodiesel production","authors":"Chou-Yi Hsu ,&nbsp;Zaid H. Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Nargiza Kamolova ,&nbsp;Khursheed Muzammil ,&nbsp;Forat H. Alsultany ,&nbsp;Salah Hassan Zain Al-Abdeen ,&nbsp;Ehsan Kianfar","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, photolysis-free radical polymerization is successfully employed to synthesis a heterogeneous Polypyrrole/ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub> nanocomposite. The photolysis technique was used UV irradiation with 15 W and 365 nm for reduction ferric, zinc and tungsten aqueous precursors for synthesis of metal oxides nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectrum and used it in transesterification of oil to investigate of the catalytic performance. The nanocomposite catalyst appeared high activity for esterification of olive oil creating from the increasing the diffusion between the reactant and product. Furthermore, the prepared nanocomposite catalyst could be easily recovered and efficiently reused for many times without considerable loss in its activity, also appeared results showed that PPy/ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub> nanocomposite could be employed for the suitable and rapid biodiesel production. Depending on the experimental results, the optimum conditions with yield 94 % show at 1:14 oil/methanol ratio, 120 min, 55 °C temperature and 3 % catalyst dose. The obtained biodiesel appeared properties near to those of international standards of biodiesel. The product met international standards for key features, including density, viscosity and flash point, as well as, the catalyst appeared excellent reusability, keeping efficiency over multiple cycles with lower performance loss. These results proved the prepared catalyst as a cost-effective and sustainable catalyst for biodiesel production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 108193"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Direct reduction of vanadium titanium pellets using ammonia as a reductant: Thermodynamics, characteristics, and kinetics analysis
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108202
Yuejun Liu, Xianchun Li, Shaoyan Wang, Li Li
Applying hydrogen (H2) as a reductant can decrease the difficulty of reducing vanadium titanium ores. However, using ammonia (NH3) instead of H2 as a reductant can solve the problem of difficult storage and transportation of H2. Here, we investigated the reaction characteristics and isothermal kinetics of the vanadium titanium pellets (V1) ores reduced by NH3 using high-thermogravimetric equipment at temperatures ranging from 875 °C to 950 °C. A thermodynamic analysis was conducted on the reaction of NH3 and H2 reducing V1 ores. The thermodynamic results indicated that the reaction of NH3 reducing V1 ores is more spontaneous compared to H2, demonstrating the superiority of NH3 as a reductant. A metallization rate of 95.59 % at a temperature of 950 °C, an NH3 concentration of 60 %, and a reduction time of 180 min. The highest concentration of nitric oxide (NO) during the reduction process can reach 198 ppm, and NO will gradually decrease as the reaction progresses. The apparent activation energies for the reduction of V1 ores by 60 % NH3 obtained by the model-fitting method and model-free method were 151.43 kJ/mol and 150.44 kJ/mol, respectively. This study provides theoretical support for deeper understanding of the process of NH3-reducing vanadium titanium pellets.
{"title":"Direct reduction of vanadium titanium pellets using ammonia as a reductant: Thermodynamics, characteristics, and kinetics analysis","authors":"Yuejun Liu,&nbsp;Xianchun Li,&nbsp;Shaoyan Wang,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Applying hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) as a reductant can decrease the difficulty of reducing vanadium titanium ores. However, using ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) instead of H<sub>2</sub> as a reductant can solve the problem of difficult storage and transportation of H<sub>2</sub>. Here, we investigated the reaction characteristics and isothermal kinetics of the vanadium titanium pellets (V1) ores reduced by NH<sub>3</sub> using high-thermogravimetric equipment at temperatures ranging from 875 °C to 950 °C. A thermodynamic analysis was conducted on the reaction of NH<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> reducing V1 ores. The thermodynamic results indicated that the reaction of NH<sub>3</sub> reducing V1 ores is more spontaneous compared to H<sub>2</sub>, demonstrating the superiority of NH<sub>3</sub> as a reductant. A metallization rate of 95.59 % at a temperature of 950 °C, an NH<sub>3</sub> concentration of 60 %, and a reduction time of 180 min. The highest concentration of nitric oxide (NO) during the reduction process can reach 198 ppm, and NO will gradually decrease as the reaction progresses. The apparent activation energies for the reduction of V1 ores by 60 % NH<sub>3</sub> obtained by the model-fitting method and model-free method were 151.43 kJ/mol and 150.44 kJ/mol, respectively. This study provides theoretical support for deeper understanding of the process of NH<sub>3</sub>-reducing vanadium titanium pellets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 108202"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chemometrics to connect feedstock quality, process settings and calorific value of hydrochar through infrared spectra
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108201
Álvaro Amado-Fierro , Tim Offermans , Jeroen Jansen , Teresa A. Centeno , María A. Díez
The current urgent need for clean energy has sparked interest in hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as a sustainable avenue to convert high moisture biomass wastes into an efficient bioenergy source. Without destructive methodologies and offering distinct advantages (e.g. real-time analysis) over traditional assessments, chemometric methods coupled to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is presented as an innovative approach for a rapid assessment of the higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochars. With the help of advanced chemometric techniques such as Partial Least Squares (PLS) or Sequentially Orthogonalized PLS (SO-PLS) further insights are gained into the underlying chemical transformations during HTC treatment of a wide variety of biodegradable wastes. Our model predicts the HHV of the diverse hydrochars with an impressive R2 value of 0.961 and an RMSE of 0.845 MJ/kg. The scores and loading plots point out the pivotal functional groups that distinguish the various hydrochars, while also unveiling the inherent similarities among them. A second model has been further devised to predict the HHV of hydrochar as a function of feedstock composition and HTC operation conditions, thus allowing process optimization. This challenging approach can be extrapolated to quickly evaluate other physicochemical parameters of hydrochars designed for various applications.
{"title":"Chemometrics to connect feedstock quality, process settings and calorific value of hydrochar through infrared spectra","authors":"Álvaro Amado-Fierro ,&nbsp;Tim Offermans ,&nbsp;Jeroen Jansen ,&nbsp;Teresa A. Centeno ,&nbsp;María A. Díez","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current urgent need for clean energy has sparked interest in hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as a sustainable avenue to convert high moisture biomass wastes into an efficient bioenergy source. Without destructive methodologies and offering distinct advantages (e.g. real-time analysis) over traditional assessments, chemometric methods coupled to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is presented as an innovative approach for a rapid assessment of the higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochars. With the help of advanced chemometric techniques such as Partial Least Squares (PLS) or Sequentially Orthogonalized PLS (SO-PLS) further insights are gained into the underlying chemical transformations during HTC treatment of a wide variety of biodegradable wastes. Our model predicts the HHV of the diverse hydrochars with an impressive R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.961 and an RMSE of 0.845 MJ/kg. The scores and loading plots point out the pivotal functional groups that distinguish the various hydrochars, while also unveiling the inherent similarities among them. A second model has been further devised to predict the HHV of hydrochar as a function of feedstock composition and HTC operation conditions, thus allowing process optimization. This challenging approach can be extrapolated to quickly evaluate other physicochemical parameters of hydrochars designed for various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 108201"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recent advances in biotechnology and bioengineering for efficient microalgal biofuel production
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108199
Chaoqun Zhang , Rahul Prasad Singh , Priya Yadav , Indrajeet Kumar , Amit Kaushik , Rajib Roychowdhury , Mustansar Mubeen , Sandeep Kumar Singh , Ajay Kumar , Jie Wang
Microalgal biofuels have emerged as a promising avenue for meeting the growing demands for clean and efficient energy. However, the integration of microalgae into the biofuel industry is still in the early stages, primarily due to low productivity and high production costs. To address these challenges, researchers are actively exploring innovative methods to enhance biomass, concurrently increasing lipid and carbohydrate content. This review paper discusses the unique attributes of microalgae that make them attractive candidates for biofuel production. Advancements in cultivation techniques, such as photobioreactor design, co-cultivation strategies (microalgae-microalgae, microalgae-bacteria, and microalgae-fungi), and the optimization of nutrient conditions (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) as well as environmental factors (salinity, light, and temperature) were explored to enhance biomass and lipid productivity. Furthermore, genetic engineering tools (genetic elements, gene interference, genome editing, and genome reconstruction) and omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) were discussed to gain a deeper understanding of microalgal lipid synthesis metabolism. The application of these techniques in microalgae facilitates enhanced lipid productivity, improved stress tolerance, optimized carbon sequestration and utilization, and reduced harvesting and processing costs. The study also delves into the decision-making process related to software selection, with the overarching goal of improving performance, profitability, and sustainability while mitigating risks, operational costs, and environmental impacts. Additionally, this review highlights future perspectives on large-scale microalgal biofuel production and its industry.
{"title":"Recent advances in biotechnology and bioengineering for efficient microalgal biofuel production","authors":"Chaoqun Zhang ,&nbsp;Rahul Prasad Singh ,&nbsp;Priya Yadav ,&nbsp;Indrajeet Kumar ,&nbsp;Amit Kaushik ,&nbsp;Rajib Roychowdhury ,&nbsp;Mustansar Mubeen ,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar ,&nbsp;Jie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgal biofuels have emerged as a promising avenue for meeting the growing demands for clean and efficient energy. However, the integration of microalgae into the biofuel industry is still in the early stages, primarily due to low productivity and high production costs. To address these challenges, researchers are actively exploring innovative methods to enhance biomass, concurrently increasing lipid and carbohydrate content. This review paper discusses the unique attributes of microalgae that make them attractive candidates for biofuel production. Advancements in cultivation techniques, such as photobioreactor design, co-cultivation strategies (microalgae-microalgae, microalgae-bacteria, and microalgae-fungi), and the optimization of nutrient conditions (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) as well as environmental factors (salinity, light, and temperature) were explored to enhance biomass and lipid productivity. Furthermore, genetic engineering tools (genetic elements, gene interference, genome editing, and genome reconstruction) and omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) were discussed to gain a deeper understanding of microalgal lipid synthesis metabolism. The application of these techniques in microalgae facilitates enhanced lipid productivity, improved stress tolerance, optimized carbon sequestration and utilization, and reduced harvesting and processing costs. The study also delves into the decision-making process related to software selection, with the overarching goal of improving performance, profitability, and sustainability while mitigating risks, operational costs, and environmental impacts. Additionally, this review highlights future perspectives on large-scale microalgal biofuel production and its industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 108199"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Palm oil deoxygenation with glycerol as a hydrogen donor for renewable fuel production using nickel-molybdenum catalysts: The effect of support
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108196
Nitchakul Hongloi , Tawsif Rahman , Farshad Feyzbar-Khalkhali-Nejad , Chaiwat Prapainainar , Peerawat Wongsurakul , Emmanuel Aransiola , Lihua Zhang , Pascal Bargiela , Jonas Baltrusaitis , Paweena Prapainainar , Sushil Adhikari
Palm oil, one of the most widely used vegetable oils, offers significant potential as a sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. This study explores the deoxygenation of palm oil using glycerol as a hydrogen donor, with nickel‑molybdenum (NiMo) catalysts supported on commercial alumina (Al2O3), and zeolite (HZSM-5) comparing with self-prepared zirconia (ZrO2). The catalysts were synthesized via incipient wetness impregnation and evaluated for their performance in biofuel production. NiMo/Al2O3 exhibited the lowest oxygen removal efficiency (68.5 %), while NiMo/HZSM-5 achieved a higher oxygen removal (74.3 %) but also demonstrated the highest coke formation. The type of support material influenced the resulting biofuel range, with NiMo/HZSM-5 and NiMo/ZrO2 favoring jet fuel production, whereas NiMo/Al2O3 was more suitable for diesel production. Notably, NiMo/ZrO2 exhibited the highest performance in palm oil deoxygenation while minimizing coke formation. These findings highlight NiMo/ZrO2 as a promising catalyst for efficient and stable biofuel production, with the support material significantly influencing product yield and fuel quality.
{"title":"Palm oil deoxygenation with glycerol as a hydrogen donor for renewable fuel production using nickel-molybdenum catalysts: The effect of support","authors":"Nitchakul Hongloi ,&nbsp;Tawsif Rahman ,&nbsp;Farshad Feyzbar-Khalkhali-Nejad ,&nbsp;Chaiwat Prapainainar ,&nbsp;Peerawat Wongsurakul ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Aransiola ,&nbsp;Lihua Zhang ,&nbsp;Pascal Bargiela ,&nbsp;Jonas Baltrusaitis ,&nbsp;Paweena Prapainainar ,&nbsp;Sushil Adhikari","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palm oil, one of the most widely used vegetable oils, offers significant potential as a sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. This study explores the deoxygenation of palm oil using glycerol as a hydrogen donor, with nickel‑molybdenum (NiMo) catalysts supported on commercial alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), and zeolite (HZSM-5) comparing with self-prepared zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>). The catalysts were synthesized via incipient wetness impregnation and evaluated for their performance in biofuel production. NiMo/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> exhibited the lowest oxygen removal efficiency (68.5 %), while NiMo/HZSM-5 achieved a higher oxygen removal (74.3 %) but also demonstrated the highest coke formation. The type of support material influenced the resulting biofuel range, with NiMo/HZSM-5 and NiMo/ZrO<sub>2</sub> favoring jet fuel production, whereas NiMo/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was more suitable for diesel production. Notably, NiMo/ZrO<sub>2</sub> exhibited the highest performance in palm oil deoxygenation while minimizing coke formation. These findings highlight NiMo/ZrO<sub>2</sub> as a promising catalyst for efficient and stable biofuel production, with the support material significantly influencing product yield and fuel quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 108196"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhancing styrene production: CFD analysis of a Pd-based membrane reactor to carry out ethylbenzene dehydrogenation
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108191
M. Khosravi , M. Jafari , K. Ghasemzadeh , A. Iulianelli
A two-dimensional symmetric CFD model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2 to evaluate the performance of traditional reactors (TRs) and membrane reactors (MRs) in the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB). The model examined the influence of key operating parameters, including temperature, pressure, feed flow rate, and sweep gas-to-feed ratio, on EB conversion, styrene selectivity, and hydrogen flux. The results indicated higher reaction temperatures enhanced EB conversion but reduced styrene selectivity. Similarly, increasing the sweep gas-to-feed ratio improved EB conversion and hydrogen permeation, while higher pressure and weight hourly space velocity negatively affected EB conversion but improved styrene selectivity. All parameters, except pressure, showed a direct correlation with hydrogen flux. Compared to the TR, the MR demonstrated superior performance, achieving up to 96 % EB conversion, 95 % styrene selectivity, and pure hydrogen production. The MR exhibited a 12.5 % higher EB conversion and 36.5 % greater styrene selectivity than the TR. Moreover, integrating the catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) concept, which includes auxiliary benzene hydrogenation, further enhanced process efficiency, increasing EB conversion to 60.85 % and styrene selectivity to 96.68 %.
Additionally, a 14.5 % rise in the concentration polarization coefficient was observed with an increased sweep gas-to-feed ratio, whereas a 3.09 % reduction occurred with higher weight hourly space velocity. Temperature and pressure increases led to 3.95 % and 3.80 % rises in the polarization coefficient, respectively. These findings underscore the advantages of MRs and CMRs over conventional TRs in improving conversion efficiency, selectivity, and hydrogen purity.
{"title":"Enhancing styrene production: CFD analysis of a Pd-based membrane reactor to carry out ethylbenzene dehydrogenation","authors":"M. Khosravi ,&nbsp;M. Jafari ,&nbsp;K. Ghasemzadeh ,&nbsp;A. Iulianelli","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A two-dimensional symmetric CFD model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2 to evaluate the performance of traditional reactors (TRs) and membrane reactors (MRs) in the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB). The model examined the influence of key operating parameters, including temperature, pressure, feed flow rate, and sweep gas-to-feed ratio, on EB conversion, styrene selectivity, and hydrogen flux. The results indicated higher reaction temperatures enhanced EB conversion but reduced styrene selectivity. Similarly, increasing the sweep gas-to-feed ratio improved EB conversion and hydrogen permeation, while higher pressure and weight hourly space velocity negatively affected EB conversion but improved styrene selectivity. All parameters, except pressure, showed a direct correlation with hydrogen flux. Compared to the TR, the MR demonstrated superior performance, achieving up to 96 % EB conversion, 95 % styrene selectivity, and pure hydrogen production. The MR exhibited a 12.5 % higher EB conversion and 36.5 % greater styrene selectivity than the TR. Moreover, integrating the catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) concept, which includes auxiliary benzene hydrogenation, further enhanced process efficiency, increasing EB conversion to 60.85 % and styrene selectivity to 96.68 %.</div><div>Additionally, a 14.5 % rise in the concentration polarization coefficient was observed with an increased sweep gas-to-feed ratio, whereas a 3.09 % reduction occurred with higher weight hourly space velocity. Temperature and pressure increases led to 3.95 % and 3.80 % rises in the polarization coefficient, respectively. These findings underscore the advantages of MRs and CMRs over conventional TRs in improving conversion efficiency, selectivity, and hydrogen purity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 108191"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers and gasoline addition in diesel on the spray and combustion characteristics in a constant volume chamber
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108195
Jingjing He , Hao Chen , Peng Zhang
PODE and gasoline are considered as the representative additives of diesel with high oxygen-containing and high volatility. And the optimal blending volume ratio of PODE and gasoline in diesel are 20 %. A CVC test bench is employed to investigate the effects of adding PODE and gasoline in diesel on the spray and combustion characteristics in this study. The spray and combustion experiments are performed under the injection pressures of 100 MPa, 120 MPa and 140 MPa. And the results show that blending PODE and gasoline in diesel can effectively improve the quality of spray atomization. Compared with D100, D80G20, D80P20 and D80G10P10 reduce the maximum improvement of SPA by 65.3 %, 85.7 % and 76.7 % respectively. The ability to improve fuel spray quality by blending gasoline and PODE decreases with the increase of injection pressure. The ability of gasoline to reduce soot emission is superior to PODE. Due to the advantages of both gasoline and PODE, D80G10P10 has the lowest total KL and time integrated natural fame luminosity among the four fuels.
{"title":"Effect of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers and gasoline addition in diesel on the spray and combustion characteristics in a constant volume chamber","authors":"Jingjing He ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PODE and gasoline are considered as the representative additives of diesel with high oxygen-containing and high volatility. And the optimal blending volume ratio of PODE and gasoline in diesel are 20 %. A CVC test bench is employed to investigate the effects of adding PODE and gasoline in diesel on the spray and combustion characteristics in this study. The spray and combustion experiments are performed under the injection pressures of 100 MPa, 120 MPa and 140 MPa. And the results show that blending PODE and gasoline in diesel can effectively improve the quality of spray atomization. Compared with D100, D80G20, D80P20 and D80G10P10 reduce the maximum improvement of SPA by 65.3 %, 85.7 % and 76.7 % respectively. The ability to improve fuel spray quality by blending gasoline and PODE decreases with the increase of injection pressure. The ability of gasoline to reduce soot emission is superior to PODE. Due to the advantages of both gasoline and PODE, D80G10P10 has the lowest total KL and time integrated natural fame luminosity among the four fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 108195"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Methane conversion to aromatics via chemical synergy with OCM: Effect of periodic operation, temperature profile, and catalyst loading
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108189
Maria Haki , Patrick Linke , Izabel Medeiros Costa , Ma’moun Al-Rawashdeh
The transition from indirect to direct methane conversion marks a significant advancement in chemical processing. One promising direct reaction is methane dehydroaromatization, which converts methane to aromatics in a single step with zero CO2 emissions. However, the commercialization of MDA faces major challenges including thermodynamic limitations, rapid catalyst deactivation, and high temperature requirements. Integrating MDA with another reaction offers a potential solution to these challenges combined. This work explores the potential opportunities and limitations for chemical synergy when coupling the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to MDA through mass integration. Experimental studies were conducted by passing the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reactor effluent to a downstream MDA reactor. Periodic feeding of OCM to the MDA catalyst showed limited improvement, indicating that OCM composition alone does not maintain stable MDA performance. Varying the temperature over time in MDA reactor demonstrated that C2 coming from OCM contribute to aromatic production even at low temperatures (450 °C). However, at such temperature, the conversion of CO2 to CO and CH4 to aromatics does not occur, highlighting the need for high operating temperatures in the OCM-MDA coupling process. The coupling of OCM and MDA was tested with different MDA space velocities as 3750, 1875, and 1250 mL/g/h, corresponding to 0.2 g, 0.4 g and 0.6 g catalyst loading, respectively. The case of 1250 mL/g/h maintained a stable 14 % conversion and 2.5 % yield of benzene over 10 h, converting all CO2 to CO. Characterization using TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS on spent catalysts indicated limited carbon removal by OCM effluent, and confirmed that CO2 is causing the oxidation of Mo2C to MoOx. A reaction scheme for the OCM-MDA coupling using Mo/ZSM-5 is proposed to guide future exploration of this promising two-step process.
{"title":"Methane conversion to aromatics via chemical synergy with OCM: Effect of periodic operation, temperature profile, and catalyst loading","authors":"Maria Haki ,&nbsp;Patrick Linke ,&nbsp;Izabel Medeiros Costa ,&nbsp;Ma’moun Al-Rawashdeh","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition from indirect to direct methane conversion marks a significant advancement in chemical processing. One promising direct reaction is methane dehydroaromatization, which converts methane to aromatics in a single step with zero CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. However, the commercialization of MDA faces major challenges including thermodynamic limitations, rapid catalyst deactivation, and high temperature requirements. Integrating MDA with another reaction offers a potential solution to these challenges combined. This work explores the potential opportunities and limitations for chemical synergy when coupling the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to MDA through mass integration. Experimental studies were conducted by passing the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reactor effluent to a downstream MDA reactor. Periodic feeding of OCM to the MDA catalyst showed limited improvement, indicating that OCM composition alone does not maintain stable MDA performance. Varying the temperature over time in MDA reactor demonstrated that C<sub>2</sub> coming from OCM contribute to aromatic production even at low temperatures (450 °C). However, at such temperature, the conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO and CH<sub>4</sub> to aromatics does not occur, highlighting the need for high operating temperatures in the OCM-MDA coupling process. The coupling of OCM and MDA was tested with different MDA space velocities as 3750, 1875, and 1250 mL/g/h, corresponding to 0.2 g, 0.4 g and 0.6 g catalyst loading, respectively. The case of 1250 mL/g/h maintained a stable 14 % conversion and 2.5 % yield of benzene over 10 h, converting all CO<sub>2</sub> to CO. Characterization using TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS on spent catalysts indicated limited carbon removal by OCM effluent, and confirmed that CO<sub>2</sub> is causing the oxidation of Mo<sub>2</sub>C to MoO<sub>x</sub>. A reaction scheme for the OCM-MDA coupling using Mo/ZSM-5 is proposed to guide future exploration of this promising two-step process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 108189"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Potassium interactions with copper slag and magnetite fines in chemical-looping processes
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108192
Felicia Störner , Ivana Staničić , Pavleta Knutsson , Tobias Mattisson , Magnus Rydén
Using oxygen-carrying bed materials is a promising alternative to conventional fluidized bed combustion. Biomass-derived fuels contain ash rich in K and P, which might react with the oxygen carrier, leading to agglomeration and other problems. This study investigates the performance of copper slag (Järnsand, Fe-Si-oxide) and magnetite fines (MAF, Fe3O4) as oxygen carriers in a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor with subsequent material analysis. The conversion of methane and the fluidization was monitored, as K2CO3 or KH2PO4 was added as ash model compound. The fuel conversion was mainly unaffected by K-salt addition, apart from when K2CO3 was added to MAF at 950 °C and the conversion increased, along with increased porosity. Järnsand captured K from K2CO3. Mg and Al inherent to Järnsand participated in the interaction, contributing to increasing the melting point of the formed K-silicates. In MAF, the uptake of K was low: thermodynamic calculations suggested the formation of KFe11O17 and small amounts of slag. KH2PO4 always caused agglomeration by a melt-induced mechanism. The K-P-melt absorbed Fe in MAF or Ca in Järnsand. In conclusion, Järnsand seems like a promising oxygen carrier for biomass-derived fuels, while MAF might suffer from poor particle integrity in the presence of K-rich ash species.
{"title":"Potassium interactions with copper slag and magnetite fines in chemical-looping processes","authors":"Felicia Störner ,&nbsp;Ivana Staničić ,&nbsp;Pavleta Knutsson ,&nbsp;Tobias Mattisson ,&nbsp;Magnus Rydén","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using oxygen-carrying bed materials is a promising alternative to conventional fluidized bed combustion. Biomass-derived fuels contain ash rich in K and P, which might react with the oxygen carrier, leading to agglomeration and other problems. This study investigates the performance of copper slag (Järnsand, Fe-Si-oxide) and magnetite fines (MAF, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) as oxygen carriers in a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor with subsequent material analysis. The conversion of methane and the fluidization was monitored, as K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> or KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> was added as ash model compound. The fuel conversion was mainly unaffected by K-salt addition, apart from when K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> was added to MAF at 950 °C and the conversion increased, along with increased porosity. Järnsand captured K from K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. Mg and Al inherent to Järnsand participated in the interaction, contributing to increasing the melting point of the formed K-silicates. In MAF, the uptake of K was low: thermodynamic calculations suggested the formation of KFe<sub>11</sub>O<sub>17</sub> and small amounts of slag. KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> always caused agglomeration by a melt-induced mechanism. The K-P-melt absorbed Fe in MAF or Ca in Järnsand. In conclusion, Järnsand seems like a promising oxygen carrier for biomass-derived fuels, while MAF might suffer from poor particle integrity in the presence of K-rich ash species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 108192"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research on the effects of negative valve overlap duration on the combustion and emission of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol in a spark induced compression ignition (SICI) engine by experiments and Artificial Neural Networks
IF 7.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2025-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108190
Fangxi Xie , Xianglong Meng , Yu Liu , Linghai Han , Yanfeng Gong , Cheng Zhang , Xiaona Li , You Zhou , Huili Dou
In order to achieve the carbon neutrality goal, it is urgent to improve the thermal efficiency of engines and the application of carbon neutral fuels. Due to the low emissions and renewability of alcohols, which are considered as potential alternative fuels. Spark induced compression ignition (SICI) is an efficient and clean combustion mode for future engines. This article studied the differences of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol in the SICI combustion modes under four different negative valve overlap (NVO). It was found that under low load, methanol exhibited higher indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) and the lowest HC emissions, while n-butanol exhibited lower NOx and CO emissions. After the load increased, the ITE of n-butanol, isopropanol, methanol, and ethanol all increased with the prolongation of NVO, increasing by 0.35 %, 0.95 %, 0.9 %, and 1.42 %, respectively. In addition, an artificial neural network SICI engines model was established, with correlation coefficients above 0.95. It was found that a correlation between fuel characteristics, auto-ignition timing and flame development. The correlation weight was 20.68 % and 48.1 %, respectively. For ITE, within the optimal ignition timing adjustment range, the contribution of latent heat of vaporization and auto-ignition temperature of alcohol was 42.5 % and 46.5 %, while NVO was 6.63 %.
{"title":"Research on the effects of negative valve overlap duration on the combustion and emission of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol in a spark induced compression ignition (SICI) engine by experiments and Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"Fangxi Xie ,&nbsp;Xianglong Meng ,&nbsp;Yu Liu ,&nbsp;Linghai Han ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Gong ,&nbsp;Cheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaona Li ,&nbsp;You Zhou ,&nbsp;Huili Dou","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to achieve the carbon neutrality goal, it is urgent to improve the thermal efficiency of engines and the application of carbon neutral fuels. Due to the low emissions and renewability of alcohols, which are considered as potential alternative fuels. Spark induced compression ignition (SICI) is an efficient and clean combustion mode for future engines. This article studied the differences of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol in the SICI combustion modes under four different negative valve overlap (NVO). It was found that under low load, methanol exhibited higher indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) and the lowest HC emissions, while n-butanol exhibited lower NOx and CO emissions. After the load increased, the ITE of n-butanol, isopropanol, methanol, and ethanol all increased with the prolongation of NVO, increasing by 0.35 %, 0.95 %, 0.9 %, and 1.42 %, respectively. In addition, an artificial neural network SICI engines model was established, with correlation coefficients above 0.95. It was found that a correlation between fuel characteristics, auto-ignition timing and flame development. The correlation weight was 20.68 % and 48.1 %, respectively. For ITE, within the optimal ignition timing adjustment range, the contribution of latent heat of vaporization and auto-ignition temperature of alcohol was 42.5 % and 46.5 %, while NVO was 6.63 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 108190"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Fuel Processing Technology
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