Droplet Digital PCR for Precise Quantification of Human Norovirus in Shellfish Associated with Gastroenteritis Illness

Abstract

Norovirus is the predominant cause of viral gastroenteritis globally with foodborne outbreaks commonly reported. Filter-feeding bivalve molluscan shellfish can become contaminated with norovirus when grown in waters impacted by inadequately treated effluent wastewater, overflows, or other human fecal sources. Contaminated shellfish pose a significant risk to consumers, because combined with a low norovirus infectious dose, oysters and mussels are often eaten raw or lightly cooked resulting in no or minimal virus inactivation, respectively. In addition, shellfish contamination has significant economic impacts on the seafood industry. To improve risk assessments, reverse transcription (RT)-digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) was used to determine the precise norovirus concentrations in 20 shellfish samples, all positive for norovirus genogroup I and/or II (GI or GII) by RT-quantitative PCR (qPCR), and associated with reported norovirus illness in New Zealand. Using RT-ddPCR, total norovirus GI and/or GII concentrations in shellfish ranged between 44 and 4,630 genome copies (GC)/g digestive tissue. Importantly, 40% (8/20) of shellfish samples contained a total norovirus concentration less than 200 GC/g digestive tissue. In parallel, RNase treatment was applied, prior to viral extraction to remove free viral RNA, which subsequently led to average reductions in norovirus GC/g concentration of 37.1% and 19.4% for GI and GII, respectively. These RT-ddPCR data provide valuable evidence for risk assessment of contaminated shellfish and evaluation of safety guidelines and highlight issues associated with setting a safe threshold of norovirus in shellfish.