The transition from hypertension to hypertensive heart disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a retrospective cross-sectional study of myocardial magnetic resonance strain and tissue characteristics.

Abstract

Background: Due to the variability of symptoms and signs associated with heart failure, along with the lack of specific tests for definitive diagnosis, the noninvasive diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) continues to pose significant clinical challenges. This investigation was designed to elucidate the clinical manifestations of HFpEF and to analyze cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived myocardial strain metrics and tissue characteristics in a cohort exhibiting HFpEF with hypertension (HFpEF-HTN).

Methods: This retrospective analysis consisted of 128 patients diagnosed HFpEF-HTN, 78 individuals with hypertensive heart disease (HHD), 89 individuals with hypertension (HTN), and 60 normotensive healthy controls and was conducted from August 2021 to February 2024. All participants were recruited from The First Hospital of Lanzhou University and underwent laboratory examinations and 3.0 T CMR. The study compared clinical features and CMR-derived structural and functional parameters across different groups. Logistic regression was employed to determine the association between CMR parameters and HFpEF-HTN. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was used to clarify the relationship between myocardial strain parameters and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction. Additionally, the area under the curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the diagnostic performance of different CMR parameters for HFpEF-HTN.

Results: Patients diagnosed with (HFpEF-HTN) were characterized by an older demographic profile, a higher prevalence of smoking history, elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increased levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and more advanced New York Heart Association functional class as compared to other studied groups. In terms of myocardial deformation, individuals with HFpEF-HTN exhibited pronounced impairments in both LV and RV function, as evidenced by significantly reduced longitudinal strain (LS), circumferential strain (CS), and radial strain (RS), relative to HTN, HHD, the control cohorts (all P values <0.001). Patients with HFpEF-HTN showed significantly elevated levels of late gadolinium enhancement, native T1, and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) indicative of myocardial interstitial fibrosis as compared to patients with HHD. Additionally, as compared to ECV, LV GCS emerged as a superior diagnostic indicator, demonstrating greater diagnostic accuracy in differentiating HFpEF-HTN patients from those with HHD (AUC =0.85; P<0.001). Moreover, LVEF showed a mild correlation with CMR-derived LV GLS (R=-0.43; P<0.001), LV GCS (R=-0.42; P<0.001), and LV GRS, (R=0.56; P<0.001) in all patients.

Conclusions: Myocardial strain, T1 mapping, and ECV can be used for the quantitative evaluation of LV and RV ventricular remodeling, dysfunction, and tissue characteristics in patients with HFpEF-HTN and thus hold significant potential for the diagnosis of these patients.