Environmental exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles disrupts DAZL gene expression and male reproductive function in mice: Protective role of lutein

Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) are widely used nanomaterials with potential environmental health concerns, including impacts on male fertility. This study investigated the effects of TiO₂ NPs on male reproductive function in mice and the potential protective role of lutein, a dietary antioxidant. Male NMRI mice were exposed to TiO₂ NPs (50, 150, and 300 mg/kg) with or without co-administration of lutein (5 or 10 mg/kg) for 35 days. Compared to controls, TiO₂ NP exposure significantly decreased DAZL gene expression, testosterone levels, antioxidant capacity, sperm quality (motility, density, morphology, DNA integrity), and testicular tissue parameters (seminiferous tubules volume, germinal epithelium height, spermatogenic cell counts). These effects were associated with increased oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde levels) and altered testicular architecture (interstitial tissue volume). Notably, co-administration of lutein significantly ameliorated these TiO₂ NP-induced adverse effects, suggesting its potential protective role against testicular oxidative stress and dysfunction. Our findings highlight the potential detrimental effects of environmental TiO₂ NP exposure on male fertility and the potential benefit of dietary lutein as a protective strategy. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and translate these findings to human health.