Exploring Bias in GPCR Signaling and its Implication in Drug Development: A One-Sided Affair.

Abstract

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in regulating numerous physiological processes through their interactions with two key effectors: G proteins and β-arrestins (βarrs). This makes them crucial targets for therapeutic drug development. Interestingly, the evolving concept of biased signaling where ligands selectively activate either the G proteins or the βarrs has not only refined our understanding of segregation of physiological responses downstream of GPCRs but has also revolutionized drug discovery, offering the potential for treatments with enhanced efficacy and minimal side effects. This Review explores the mechanisms behind biased agonism, exploring it through various lenses, including ligand, receptor, cellular systems, location, and tissue-specific biases. It also offers structural insights into both orthosteric and allosteric ligand-binding pockets, structural rearrangements associated with the loops, and how ligand-engineering can contribute to biased signaling. Moreover, we also discuss the unique conformational signature in an intrinsically biased GPCR, which currently remains relatively less explored and adds a new dimension in biased signaling. Lastly, we address the translational challenges and practical considerations in characterizing bias, emphasizing its therapeutic potential and the latest advancements in drug development. By designing ligands that target specific signaling pathways, biased signaling presents a transformative approach to creating safer and more effective therapies. This Review focuses on our current understanding of GPCR-biased signaling, discussing potential mechanisms that lead to bias, the effect of bias on GPCR structures at a molecular level, recent advancements, and its profound potential to drive innovation in drug discovery.