Linking provenance and diagenesis to reservoir quality evolution of sandstones: The Paleocene-Eocene Kerri-Kerri Formation, northeastern Nigeria

IF 3.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Marine and Petroleum Geology Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2024.107227
Abdulwahab M. Bello , Musa B. Usman , Abduljamiu O. Amao , Anas M. Salisu , Khalid Al-Ramadan , Usman Abubakar , Shehu Mukkafa , Ibrahim A. Kwami , Lukman U. Chiroma , Murtada Al-Hashem , Abubakar Yusuf , Abubakar S. Maigari , Aliyuda Kachalla , Oluwafemi E. Aro , Muhammad A. Ismai'l , Umar S. Umar , Olumuyiwa T. Akinsanpe
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However, studies on the roles of sedimentary provenance and diagenesis in reservoir quality evolution of sandstones are often conducted separately, even though combining both is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of how these processes jointly influence reservoir quality evolution in sandstones. The Paleocene-Eocene Kerri-Kerri Formation in the Gongola Sub-basin, Upper Benue Trough (NE Nigeria), has yet to be assessed for how the interplay between sedimentary provenance and diagenesis influences its reservoir quality evolution. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the provenance of the Kerri-Kerri Formation and its influence on diagenetic alterations and reservoir quality through thin section petrography, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence analyses. The findings of the study reveal that the sediments were primarily sourced from a quartzose sedimentary provenance and were deposited under warm, humid climatic conditions, influencing diagenesis and reservoir quality by resulting in a chemically stable, quartz-rich mineralogy characterized by near-complete dissolution and alteration of labile feldspar and mica grains. The provenance of the sandstones has significantly contributed to an unusual accumulation of kaolinite (2–46%; average 12.9%) due to intense rainfall, which released previously authigenic kaolinite from the source sandstones and incorporated it into the Kerri-Kerri sediments as detrital clay. The stable quartz-rich mineralogy limited the effects of mechanical compaction in the sandstones, aided by the absence of ductile grains. Minor authigenic kaolinite was formed as eogenetic clay due to the very low reactive feldspar content in the sandstones, while illite and authigenic quartz overgrowths developed as deep-burial cements. However, their effects are largely insignificant due to the scarcity of K-feldspar needed to supply K⁺ for illitization and the presence of well-developed clay coatings that significantly inhibited quartz cementation. Illitization of kaolinite preferentially occurred where discrete kaolinite crystals arranged themselves in a chain-like fashion near K-feldspar, providing the surface area for kaolinite dissolution and K⁺ adsorption in the formation of authigenic illite. Additionally, while grain size and sorting had minimal control over reservoir quality due to the similarities in grain size and sorting classes among the sandstones, detrital matrix content was the primary factor influencing reservoir quality. Channel fill sandstones exhibited the best reservoir quality owing to their low clay matrix, whereas occasional ripple-laminated sandstones from floodplain settings demonstrated the poorest reservoir quality due to their high matrix content. The findings of this study can enhance the understanding of reservoir quality controls in the subsurface equivalents of the Kerri-Kerri Formation in the basin or elsewhere, thereby facilitating their optimal utilization for hydrocarbon and groundwater explorations or CO<sub>2</sub>. Our findings have significant implications for understanding the interplay between provenance and diagenesis in controlling the reservoir quality evolution of the Kerri-Kerri Formation. Additionally, this study offers valuable insights for assessing similar continental sandstones globally, helping to optimize their use in subsurface energy and water resource explorations. The quantitative data provided can also be applied in reservoir quality prediction modeling for the subsurface Kerri-Kerri Formation and analogous formations elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18189,"journal":{"name":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 107227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264817224005397","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of the controls on sandstone reservoir quality requires the integration of provenance, detrital mineralogy, and diagenesis to effectively optimize their utilization for groundwater and hydrocarbon explorations or CO2 storage. However, studies on the roles of sedimentary provenance and diagenesis in reservoir quality evolution of sandstones are often conducted separately, even though combining both is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of how these processes jointly influence reservoir quality evolution in sandstones. The Paleocene-Eocene Kerri-Kerri Formation in the Gongola Sub-basin, Upper Benue Trough (NE Nigeria), has yet to be assessed for how the interplay between sedimentary provenance and diagenesis influences its reservoir quality evolution. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the provenance of the Kerri-Kerri Formation and its influence on diagenetic alterations and reservoir quality through thin section petrography, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence analyses. The findings of the study reveal that the sediments were primarily sourced from a quartzose sedimentary provenance and were deposited under warm, humid climatic conditions, influencing diagenesis and reservoir quality by resulting in a chemically stable, quartz-rich mineralogy characterized by near-complete dissolution and alteration of labile feldspar and mica grains. The provenance of the sandstones has significantly contributed to an unusual accumulation of kaolinite (2–46%; average 12.9%) due to intense rainfall, which released previously authigenic kaolinite from the source sandstones and incorporated it into the Kerri-Kerri sediments as detrital clay. The stable quartz-rich mineralogy limited the effects of mechanical compaction in the sandstones, aided by the absence of ductile grains. Minor authigenic kaolinite was formed as eogenetic clay due to the very low reactive feldspar content in the sandstones, while illite and authigenic quartz overgrowths developed as deep-burial cements. However, their effects are largely insignificant due to the scarcity of K-feldspar needed to supply K⁺ for illitization and the presence of well-developed clay coatings that significantly inhibited quartz cementation. Illitization of kaolinite preferentially occurred where discrete kaolinite crystals arranged themselves in a chain-like fashion near K-feldspar, providing the surface area for kaolinite dissolution and K⁺ adsorption in the formation of authigenic illite. Additionally, while grain size and sorting had minimal control over reservoir quality due to the similarities in grain size and sorting classes among the sandstones, detrital matrix content was the primary factor influencing reservoir quality. Channel fill sandstones exhibited the best reservoir quality owing to their low clay matrix, whereas occasional ripple-laminated sandstones from floodplain settings demonstrated the poorest reservoir quality due to their high matrix content. The findings of this study can enhance the understanding of reservoir quality controls in the subsurface equivalents of the Kerri-Kerri Formation in the basin or elsewhere, thereby facilitating their optimal utilization for hydrocarbon and groundwater explorations or CO2. Our findings have significant implications for understanding the interplay between provenance and diagenesis in controlling the reservoir quality evolution of the Kerri-Kerri Formation. Additionally, this study offers valuable insights for assessing similar continental sandstones globally, helping to optimize their use in subsurface energy and water resource explorations. The quantitative data provided can also be applied in reservoir quality prediction modeling for the subsurface Kerri-Kerri Formation and analogous formations elsewhere.
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尼日利亚东北部古新世-始新世Kerri-Kerri组砂岩物源、成岩作用与储层质量演化的联系
全面了解砂岩储层质量的控制因素,需要将物源、碎屑矿物学和成岩作用结合起来,有效优化其对地下水和油气勘探或二氧化碳储存的利用。然而,沉积物源和成岩作用在砂岩储层物性演化中的作用研究往往是分开进行的,尽管将两者结合起来对于全面了解这两个过程如何共同影响砂岩储层物性演化至关重要。尼日利亚东北部上贝努埃海槽贡戈拉亚盆地古新世-始新世Kerri-Kerri组沉积物源与成岩作用的相互作用对储层质量演化的影响尚待研究。为此,本研究拟通过薄片岩相、扫描电镜、x射线衍射、x射线荧光等分析手段,探讨Kerri-Kerri组物源及其对成岩蚀变和储层质量的影响。研究结果表明,沉积物主要来源于石英沉积物源,在温暖潮湿的气候条件下沉积,形成化学稳定、富含石英的矿物学特征,易动长石和云母颗粒几乎完全溶解和蚀变,影响成岩作用和储层质量。砂岩的物源对高岭石的异常富集(2-46%;平均12.9%),这是由于强降雨释放了源砂岩中先前自生的高岭石,并将其作为碎屑粘土结合到Kerri-Kerri沉积物中。稳定的富含石英的矿物学限制了砂岩中机械压实的影响,因为没有韧性颗粒。由于砂岩中活性长石含量极低,形成少量自生高岭石为成生粘土,而伊利石和自生石英过度生长为深埋胶结物。然而,它们的影响在很大程度上是微不足道的,因为缺乏K长石来提供K +进行钝化,并且存在发育良好的粘土包覆层,可以显著抑制石英胶结。高岭石的illiization优先发生在离散的高岭石晶体在K长石附近以链状排列的地方,为高岭石溶解和K⁺吸附形成自生伊利石提供了表面积。此外,由于砂岩的粒度和分选类别相似,粒度和分选对储层质量的控制作用最小,而碎屑基质含量是影响储层质量的主要因素。河道充填砂岩由于粘土基质含量低而表现出最好的储集质量,而河漫滩环境中偶尔出现的波纹层状砂岩由于基质含量高而表现出最差的储集质量。本研究结果可以增强对盆地或其他地方Kerri-Kerri组地下当量储层质量控制的理解,从而促进其在油气和地下水勘探或二氧化碳勘探中的最佳利用。研究结果对认识物源与成岩作用的相互作用对Kerri-Kerri组储层质量演化的控制具有重要意义。此外,该研究为评估全球类似大陆砂岩提供了有价值的见解,有助于优化其在地下能源和水资源勘探中的应用。所提供的定量数据也可应用于地下Kerri-Kerri组和其他类似地层的储层质量预测建模。
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来源期刊
Marine and Petroleum Geology
Marine and Petroleum Geology 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
14.30%
发文量
475
审稿时长
63 days
期刊介绍: Marine and Petroleum Geology is the pre-eminent international forum for the exchange of multidisciplinary concepts, interpretations and techniques for all concerned with marine and petroleum geology in industry, government and academia. Rapid bimonthly publication allows early communications of papers or short communications to the geoscience community. Marine and Petroleum Geology is essential reading for geologists, geophysicists and explorationists in industry, government and academia working in the following areas: marine geology; basin analysis and evaluation; organic geochemistry; reserve/resource estimation; seismic stratigraphy; thermal models of basic evolution; sedimentary geology; continental margins; geophysical interpretation; structural geology/tectonics; formation evaluation techniques; well logging.
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