Hexagonal Morphology Nickel Sulfide Anchored on Graphene Oxide–Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for the Sensitive Detection of Paracetamol in Biological Samples

Abstract

Healthcare diagnostics and supplementary experimental research require electrochemical tools that are straightforward, inexpensive, delicate, quick, and precise. In addition to the previous reports of paracetamol sensors, we present an electrochemical sensor that customs differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to determine the presence of nickel sulfide (NiS) on graphene oxide sheets (GO) (NiS@GO). Utilizing analytical methods, the composite surface morphology and structural characteristics were described. A substantial drop in overpotential was seen in the electrochemical investigation of the NiS@GO composite revised glassy carbon electrode (NiS@GO/GCE) owing to its substantial external part and high hauler agility, which demonstrated remarkable activity towards the oxidation of paracetamol (Para). Para electrochemical sensing was made more accessible by a diffusion-controlled oxidation process with an identical quantity of protons and electrons. From 3.3 µM to 125 µM the concentration of Para ornament linearly with the peak currents during the determination process 0.052 µM was the Para detection limit (3σ/S) sensitivity of the fabricated electrode was 12.14 µA µM⁻¹. In addition, the sensors demonstrated remarkable recovery with actual tablet samples over a month-long period with very little interference from common species. Commercial tablet samples demonstrate a noteworthy potential for wide-ranging applications in the electrochemical sector, with an acceptable recovery rate of 96.6 to 100.8%. An upfront, affordable quality monitoring system that can track the amount of para in tablets may be developed with the help of the suggested electrochemical sensor. Application investigations using the proposed sensor successfully detected Para in drug tabulations and biological materials.

Graphical Abstract