Amine antioxidants in water, ice, sediment and soil from the Songhua Wetland, Northeast China: Occurrence and fate

Abstract

Amine antioxidants (ANs) are emerging organic pollutants that are widely used in industrial products. The extensive use of ANs has polluted the environments. At present, there is no report on the pollution situation of ANs in wetland environment. In this study, samples of water, ice, sediment, and soil were collected in the Songhua Wetland to study the behavior of ANs. Total concentrations of ANs ranged from 27.4 to 137 ng L⁻¹ in water, 88.8–127 ng L⁻¹ in ice, 46.0–169 ng g⁻¹ dw in sediment, and 43.7–191 ng g⁻¹ dw in soil. The concentrations of ANs were higher in water during the ice-covered period (108–137 ng L⁻¹) than that in the non-ice-covered (49.0–83.9 ng L⁻¹). The Spearman correlation analysis suggests that most ANs were positively correlated with each other, indicating they were from the similar source. The overall enrichment of ANs in ice relative to water may relate to factors such as salt concentration and turbulence intensity. Since K_d is much <100, it suggests that ANs were more distributed in water compared to sediment. These results provided new perspectives for subsequent related studies.