Integrated Underwater X-Ray Detector Arrays Fabricated by Perovskite Single-Crystal Arrays

Abstract

Given the promising application prospects of underwater X-ray detection technology, traditional perovskite materials, despite their outstanding performance in X-ray detection, are significantly constrained by their inherent susceptibility to hydrolysis, hindering their effective utilization in underwater environments. To date, most efforts are devoted to evaluating these materials' performance under atmospheric conditions, with a limited exploration into their adaptability in underwater settings. In this study, the successful fabrication of thick perovskite single-crystal arrays with a thickness of 400 µm and their integration into a stable underwater X-ray detector array is demonstrated. The single-crystal arrays exhibit remarkable uniformity in both alignment and dimensions, thereby contributing to improved detection homogeneity and enhanced underwater imaging capabilities. The detector arrays exhibit exceptional X-ray detection performance, characterized by a high sensitivity of 155,020 µC·Gy⁻¹·cm⁻² at 5 V bias and a low detection limit of 52 nGy·s⁻¹, which represents a significant advancement in the frontier of perovskite-based materials for underwater X-ray detection. After continuous submersion in water for over 60 days, the detector array maintains its initial X-ray detection performance, proving its stable adaptability to the underwater environment.